Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material. Concept Introduction: Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction. The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance. Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom ( F , C l , B r , I ) . Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group ( − N O 2 ) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Question

On what basis are Na and Nb ranked against each other?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Answer 20

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Answer 21

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Answer 22

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Answer 33

Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 9CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 10CC

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Chapter 18 Solutions