Chapter 18, Problem 18.59P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The concentration of acid has to be explained before and after dissociation of a concentrated solution of a strong acid.

Concept introduction:

Increasing acid strength:

Acids strength is mainly depending on the dissociation of ions, strong acids dissociates completely and weak acid dissociate slightly.

The acid strength is depending on the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value, if the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value is larger the stronger the acid and it is lower $\text{pH}$.

Conjugate acid-Base pairs:

The acid donates the proton to form its conjugate base and the base accepts a proton to form its conjugate acid.

When an acid is dissolved in water, the acid $\text{(HA)}$ donates a proton to water to form a new acid (conjugate acid) and a new base (conjugate base).

The pair of an Acid –Base differs by a proton called conjugated Acid-Base pair.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The concentration of acid has to be explained before and after dissociation of a concentrated solution of a weak acid.

Concept introduction:

Increasing acid strength:

Acids strength is mainly depending on the dissociation of ions, strong acids dissociate completely and weak acid dissociate slightly.

The acid strength is depending on the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value, if the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value is larger the stronger the acid and it is lower $\text{pH}$.

Conjugate acid-Base pairs:

The acid donates the proton to form its conjugate base and the base accepts a proton to form its conjugate acid.

When an acid is dissolved in water, the acid $\text{(HA)}$ donates a proton to water to form a new acid (conjugate acid) and a new base (conjugate base).

The pair of an Acid –Base differs by a proton called conjugated Acid-Base pair.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The concentration of acid has to be explained before and after dissociation of a diluted solution of a weak acid.

Concept introduction:

Increasing acid strength:

Acids strength is mainly depending on the dissociation of ions, strong acids dissociates completely and weak acid dissociate slightly.

The acid strength is depending on the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value, if the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value is larger the stronger the acid and it is lower $\text{pH}$.

Conjugate acid-Base pairs:

The acid donates the proton to form its conjugate base and the base accepts a proton to form its conjugate acid.

When an acid is dissolved in water, the acid $\text{(HA)}$ donates a proton to water to form a new acid (conjugate acid) and a new base (conjugate base).

The pair of an Acid –Base differs by a proton called conjugated Acid-Base pair.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The concentration of acid has to be explained before and after dissociation of a diluted solution of a strong acid.

Concept introduction:

Increasing acid strength:

Acids strength is mainly depending on the dissociation of ions, strong acids dissociates completely and weak acid dissociate slightly.

The acid strength is depending on the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value, if the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value is larger the stronger the acid and it is lower $\text{pH}$.

Conjugate acid-Base pairs:

The acid donates the proton to form its conjugate base and the base accepts a proton to form its conjugate acid.

When an acid is dissolved in water, the acid $\text{(HA)}$ donates a proton to water to form a new acid (conjugate acid) and a new base (conjugate base).

The pair of an Acid –Base differs by a proton called conjugated Acid-Base pair.