Chapter 18, Problem 18.43QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed examples for the given set of processes has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process.  All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

Second law of thermodynamics:  According to second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of the universe is the sum of the entropy of the system and the surroundings.   For all spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases.

Irreversible process: Irreversible process is the process in which the system cannot go back to its initial state.  In an irreversible process there is an increase in entropy of the system.

Equilibrium process:  When the concentration of the reactants and products remains constant with time the process is said to be at equilibrium.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed examples for the given set of processes has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process.  All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

Second law of thermodynamics:  According to second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of the universe is the sum of the entropy of the system and the surroundings.   For all spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases.

Irreversible process: Irreversible process is the process in which the system cannot go back to its initial state.  In an irreversible process there is an increase in entropy of the system.

Equilibrium process:  When the concentration of the reactants and products remains constant with time the process is said to be at equilibrium.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed examples for the given set of processes has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process.  All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

Second law of thermodynamics:  According to second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of the universe is the sum of the entropy of the system and the surroundings.   For all spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases.

Irreversible process: Irreversible process is the process in which the system cannot go back to its initial state.  In an irreversible process there is an increase in entropy of the system.

Equilibrium process:  When the concentration of the reactants and products remains constant with time the process is said to be at equilibrium.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed examples for the given set of processes has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process.  All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

Second law of thermodynamics:  According to second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of the universe is the sum of the entropy of the system and the surroundings.   For all spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases.

Irreversible process: Irreversible process is the process in which the system cannot go back to its initial state.  In an irreversible process there is an increase in entropy of the system.

Equilibrium process:  When the concentration of the reactants and products remains constant with time the process is said to be at equilibrium.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed examples for the given set of processes has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process.  All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

Second law of thermodynamics:  According to second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of the universe is the sum of the entropy of the system and the surroundings.   For all spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases.

Irreversible process: Irreversible process is the process in which the system cannot go back to its initial state.  In an irreversible process there is an increase in entropy of the system.

Equilibrium process:  When the concentration of the reactants and products remains constant with time the process is said to be at equilibrium.