General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Course List)
General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305580343
Author: Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; Darrell
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 18, Problem 18.22QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The explanations for the given set of statements have to be given.

Concept introduction:

Free energy:

Free energy is measured by subtracting the product of temperature and entropy from the enthalpy of a system.

G=H-TSwhere,G-freeenergy;H-enthalpyS-entropy and T-temperature.

Relationship between ΔGo,ΔHoandΔSo is given by

ΔGo=ΔHo-TΔSowhere,ΔGo-standardfreeenergychange;ΔHo-standardenthalpychangeΔSo-standardentropychange and T-temperature

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

To explain: The change in standard free energy for the given reaction

Given reaction

A(g)B(g)

The relationship between ΔGoandK is given by

ΔGo=-RTlnK

Above equation shows that, if the temperature remains constant then the free energy change will remains constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The explanations for the given set of statements have to be given.

Concept introduction:

Free energy:

Free energy is measured by subtracting the product of temperature and entropy from the enthalpy of a system.

G=H-TSwhere,G-freeenergy;H-enthalpyS-entropy and T-temperature.

Relationship between ΔGo,ΔHoandΔSo is given by

ΔGo=ΔHo-TΔSowhere,ΔGo-standardfreeenergychange;ΔHo-standardenthalpychangeΔSo-standardentropychange and T-temperature

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

To explain: The change in free energy for the given reaction

Given reaction

A(g)B(g)

The relationship between ΔGandQ is given by

ΔG=ΔGo+RTlnQwhere,ΔG-freeenergychangeΔGo-standardfreeenergychangeR-GasconstantT-temperatureandQ-reactionquotient.

Above equation shows that, if the value of reaction quotient changes then the value of free energy also change.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The explanations for the given set of statements have to be given.

Concept introduction:

Free energy:

Free energy is measured by subtracting the product of temperature and entropy from the enthalpy of a system.

G=H-TSwhere,G-freeenergy;H-enthalpyS-entropy and T-temperature.

Relationship between ΔGo,ΔHoandΔSo is given by

ΔGo=ΔHo-TΔSowhere,ΔGo-standardfreeenergychange;ΔHo-standardenthalpychangeΔSo-standardentropychange and T-temperature

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

To explain: The spontaneity of the given reaction

Given reaction and information

A(g)B(g)positivevalueofKisverylarge.

Since, the value of equilibrium constant is very large, the given reaction is spontaneous.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The explanations for the given set of statements have to be given.

Concept introduction:

Free energy:

Free energy is measured by subtracting the product of temperature and entropy from the enthalpy of a system.

G=H-TSwhere,G-freeenergy;H-enthalpyS-entropy and T-temperature.

Relationship between ΔGo,ΔHoandΔSo is given by

ΔGo=ΔHo-TΔSowhere,ΔGo-standardfreeenergychange;ΔHo-standardenthalpychangeΔSo-standardentropychange and T-temperature

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

To check: The given statement

Given statement

ΔGo=ΔG=0

The given statement is not correct.  At equilibrium the value of free energy is zero, but the value of standard free energy change is constant.  Hence, the given statement is not true.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The explanations for the given set of statements have to be given.

Concept introduction:

Free energy:

Free energy is measured by subtracting the product of temperature and entropy from the enthalpy of a system.

G=H-TSwhere,G-freeenergy;H-enthalpyS-entropy and T-temperature.

Relationship between ΔGo,ΔHoandΔSo is given by

ΔGo=ΔHo-TΔSowhere,ΔGo-standardfreeenergychange;ΔHo-standardenthalpychangeΔSo-standardentropychange and T-temperature

(e)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

To check: The composition of the mixture at equilibrium

Given reaction

A(g)B(g)

The value of equilibrium constant is very large, so at equilibrium the composition will mostly the product side (i.e.B(g)) .

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The explanations for the given set of statements have to be given.

Concept introduction:

Free energy:

Free energy is measured by subtracting the product of temperature and entropy from the enthalpy of a system.

G=H-TSwhere,G-freeenergy;H-enthalpyS-entropy and T-temperature.

Relationship between ΔGo,ΔHoandΔSo is given by

ΔGo=ΔHo-TΔSowhere,ΔGo-standardfreeenergychange;ΔHo-standardenthalpychangeΔSo-standardentropychange and T-temperature

(f)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

To give: The values of ΔGo,ΔGandK and also the composition of the mixture at equilibrium, spontaneity of the reverse reaction

Given reaction

B(g)A(g)

For the reverse reaction, Kr=1/Kf so the value of standard free energy change is same but opposite sign and will be a constant.

At equilibrium, the value of free energy change is zero.  The reaction mixture will mostly reactant side (i.e.B(g)).

The given reverse reaction is non-spontaneous.

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Chapter 18 Solutions

General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Course List)

Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 18.9ECh. 18.6 - Prob. 18.3CCCh. 18.7 - Consider the decomposition of dinitrogen...Ch. 18.7 - The thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the...Ch. 18.7 - To what temperature must magnesium carbonate be...Ch. 18 - What is a spontaneous process? Give three examples...Ch. 18 - Which contains greater entropy, a quantity of...Ch. 18 - State the second law of thermodynamics.Ch. 18 - The entropy change S for a phase transition equals...Ch. 18 - Describe how the standard entropy of hydrogen gas...Ch. 18 - Describe what you would look for in a reaction...Ch. 18 - Define the free energy G. How is G related to H...Ch. 18 - What is meant by the standard free-energy change G...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.10QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.11QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.12QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.13QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.14QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.15QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.16QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.17QPCh. 18 - You run a reaction that has a negative entropy...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.19QPCh. 18 - Given the following information at 25C, calculate...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.21QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.22QPCh. 18 - For each of the following statements, indicate...Ch. 18 - Which of the following are spontaneous processes?...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.25QPCh. 18 - Predict the sign of the entropy change for each of...Ch. 18 - Hypothetical elements A(g) and B(g) are introduced...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.28QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.29QPCh. 18 - Describe how you would expect the spontaneity (G)...Ch. 18 - Chloroform, CHCl3, is a solvent and has been used...Ch. 18 - Diethyl ether (known simply as ether), (C2H5)2O,...Ch. 18 - The enthalpy change when liquid methanol. CH3OH,...Ch. 18 - The heat of vaporization of carbon disulfide, CS2,...Ch. 18 - Predict the sign of S, if possible, for each of...Ch. 18 - Predict the sign of S, if possible, for each of...Ch. 18 - Calculate S for the following reactions, using...Ch. 18 - Calculate S for the following reactions, using...Ch. 18 - Calculate S for the reaction...Ch. 18 - What is the change in entropy, S, for the reaction...Ch. 18 - Using enthalpies of formation (Appendix C),...Ch. 18 - Using enthalpies of formation (Appendix C),...Ch. 18 - The free energy of formation of one mole of...Ch. 18 - The free energy of formation of one mole of...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard free energy of the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard free energy of the...Ch. 18 - On the basis of G for each of the following...Ch. 18 - For each of the following reactions, state whether...Ch. 18 - Calculate H and G for the following reactions at...Ch. 18 - Calculate H and G for the following reactions at...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction of 2 mol H2(g) at 25C and 1...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction of 1 mol H2(g) at 25C and 1...Ch. 18 - What is the maximum work that could be obtained...Ch. 18 - What is the maximum work that could be obtained...Ch. 18 - Give the expression for the thermodynamic...Ch. 18 - Write the expression for the thermodynamic...Ch. 18 - What is the standard free-energy change G at 25C...Ch. 18 - What is the standard free-energy change G at 25C...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard free-energy change and the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard free-energy change and the...Ch. 18 - Obtain the equilibrium constant Kc at 25C from the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc at 25C from...Ch. 18 - Use data given in Tables 6.2 and 18.1 to obtain...Ch. 18 - Use data given in Tables 6.2 and 18.1 to obtain...Ch. 18 - Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, can be prepared by...Ch. 18 - Oxygen was first prepared by heating mercury(II)...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.67QPCh. 18 - The combustion of acetylene, C2H2, is a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.69QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.70QPCh. 18 - Acetic acid, CH3COOH, freezes at 16.6C. The heat...Ch. 18 - Acetone, CH3COCH3, boils at 56C. The heat of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.73QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.74QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.75QPCh. 18 - Ethanol burns in air or oxygen according to the...Ch. 18 - Acetic acid in vinegar results from the bacterial...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.78QPCh. 18 - Is the following reaction spontaneous as written?...Ch. 18 - Is the following reaction spontaneous as written?...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.81QPCh. 18 - The reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) is spontaneous at...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.83QPCh. 18 - Calculate G at 25C for the reaction...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.85QPCh. 18 - Consider the reaction CS2(g)+4H2(g)CH4(g)+2H2S(g)...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.87QPCh. 18 - a From a consideration of the following reactions,...Ch. 18 - For the reaction CH3OH(l)+32O2(g)2H2O(l)+CO2(g)...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.90QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.91QPCh. 18 - Tungsten is usually produced by the reduction of...Ch. 18 - For the decomposition of formic acid,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.94QPCh. 18 - For the reaction 2Cu(s)+S(s)Cu2S(s) H and G are...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.96QPCh. 18 - When 1.000 g of gaseous butane, C4H10, is burned...Ch. 18 - When 1.000 g of ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, is burned...Ch. 18 - a Calculate K1, at 25C for phosphoric acid:...Ch. 18 - a Calculate K1, at 25C for sulfurous acid:...Ch. 18 - The direct reaction of iron(III) oxide. Fe2O3, to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.102QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.103QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.104QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.105QPCh. 18 - Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, CoCl26H2O, is a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.107QPCh. 18 - Hydrogen gas and iodine vapor react to produce...Ch. 18 - Silver carbonate, Ag2CO3, is a light yellow...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.110QPCh. 18 - Adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is used as a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.112QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.113QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.114QPCh. 18 - Sodium acetate crystallizes from a supersaturated...Ch. 18 - According to a source, lithium peroxide (Li2O2)...Ch. 18 - Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride), CCl4,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.118QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.119QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.120QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.121QPCh. 18 - Coal is used as a fuel in some electric-generating...Ch. 18 - Hydrogen bromide dissociates into its gaseous...Ch. 18 - Hydrogen gas and iodine gas react to form hydrogen...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.125QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.126QPCh. 18 - Ka for acetic acid at 25.0C is 1754 105. At...Ch. 18 - Ksp for silver chloride at 25.0C is 1.782 1010....
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