Study Guide for Campbell Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134443775
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Michael A. Pollock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 5TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid carries hereditary information from one generation to another. After several experiments, scientists have found evidence that claims that DNA is the hereditary material that passes on the genetic information from one generation to the next.
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A plaque assay is performed beginning with 1 mL of a solution containing bacteriophages. This solution is serially diluted three times by combining 0.1 mL of each sequential dilution with 9.9 mL of liquid medium. Then 0.1 mL of the final dilution is plated in the plaque assay and yields 17 plaques. What is the initial density of bacteriophages in the original 1 mL?
During the incubation step of the plaque assay, viral replication leads to host cell lysis. This allows the freshly-released virions to diffuse through the media and infect new hosts. The amount of agar added to the top agar is 7 g per liter rather than the 16 g of agar per liter for most solid media, including the bottom agar used in this assay. How would it change the plaque assay results if bottom agar was used in place of the top agar in this assay?
a- The diameter of the plaques would be smaller.
b- The diameter of the plaques would not change.
c- The diameter of the plaques would be larger.
(2) A researcher measured the viral titer of PhiX174 in fish tank water, untreated sewage water, and unpasteurized apple juice. Which sample do you predict will have the highest titer on this page?
a- Fish tank water
b- Unpasteurized apple juice
c- Untreated sewage water
Imagine that you are a student in Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s lab in the late 1940s. You are given five test tubes containing E. Coli bacteria infected with T2 bacteriophages that have been labeled with either 32P or 35S. Unfortunately, you forget to mark the tubes and are now uncertain about which tubes is which. You performed their blender experiment and got the following results. Which tube out of these 5 contains E. Coli infected with 32P-labeled phage? Explain your answer.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
Ch. 16 - Hershey and Chase devised an experiment using...Ch. 16 - Review the structure of DNA by labeling the...Ch. 16 - Using different colors for heavy (parental) and...Ch. 16 - Look back to Interactive Question 16.2 and label...Ch. 16 - In this diagram of bacterial DNA replication,...Ch. 16 - Draw the last Okazaki fragment being formed on the...Ch. 16 - List the successive levels of packing in a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1SYKCh. 16 - Prob. 2SYKCh. 16 - One of the reasons most scientists thought...
Ch. 16 - Transformation involves a. the uptake of external...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 16 - Which of the following most closely represents...Ch. 16 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 16 - In their classic experiment, Meselson and Stahl a....Ch. 16 - The joining of nucleotides in the polymerization...Ch. 16 - DNA polymerase is not able to begin copying a DNA...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 16 - Which of the following is least related to the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 16 - Which of the following statements about telomeres...Ch. 16 - You are trying to test your hypothesis that DNA...Ch. 16 - Given the experimental procedure explained in...Ch. 16 - Prob. 21TYKCh. 16 - Biologists have learned from the technique of...
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- You have conducted serial 10-fold dilutions and measured the cfu (colony forming units) of a Streptococcus pneumoniae culture and also the pfu (plaque forming units) of a phage (virus) that infects the bacteria. You counted 5 cfu in a 0.4 ml sample of a 106 dilution of the bacterial sample. You then counted 50 plaque-forming units (pfu) in a 0.25 ml sample of a 108 diluted sample of the phage culture. What are the cfu/ml of the S. pneumoniae and pfu/ml of the phage cultures before dilution? 5 x 106 cfu/ml and 2 x 109 pfu/ml 4 x 107 CFU/ml and 2 x 109 PFU/ml 1.25 x 108 cfu/ml and 10 x 1010 pfu/ml 1.25 x 107 cfu/ml and 2 x 1010 pfu/mlarrow_forwardConsidering counting rules, calculate the initial titre of the sample viral stock if the following plaques were counted in a plaque assay. Show clear sample calculations. Table 1: Plaque assay counts for lambda phage stock titre enumeration of average concentration (PFU/mL) Total dilution of viral stock 1/13500000 1/135000000 1/135000000 plated Volume diluted viral stock 0.1 0.1 0.1 plated (mL) PFU replicate 1 TNTC 275 25 Calculated concentration (PFU/mL) replicate 1 PFU replicate 2 TNTC 239 23 Calculated concentration (PFU/mL) replicate 2 Average concentration (PFU/mL)arrow_forwardA graduate student was assaying LD50 (lethal dose 50%) of two temperature-sensitive Francisella tularensis strains in HeLa cells (human cell line). Both strains can infect humans and cause fatal tularemia if untreated, but it is difficult to obtain LD50 values in human subjects. The data below shows LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values of the strains in human cell culture. Can you predict the more virulent strain of the two human pathogens? Francisella tularensis strain A: LD50 @ 20°C= 100; LD50 @ 37°C= 1000 Francisella tularensis strain B: LD50 @ 20°C= 1000 LD 50 @ 37°C= 100 O It is not possible to determine the virulence of the two strains as human pathogens from the provided data Strain A and strain B are equally virulent as human pathogens, as they average out in virulence. O Strain A is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen. O Strain B is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen.arrow_forward
- A graduate student was assaying LD50 (lethal dose 50%) of two temperature-sensitive Francisella tularensis strains in HeLa cells (human cell line). Both strains can infect humans and cause fatal tularemia if untreated, but it is difficult to obtain LD50 values in human subjects. The data below shows LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values of the strains in human cell culture. Can you predict the more virulent strain of the two human pathogens? Francisella tularensis strain A: LD50 @ 20∘C= 100; LD50 @ 37∘C= 1000 Francisella tularensis strain B: LD50 @ 20∘C= 1000 LD50 @ 37∘C= 100 Group of answer choices It is not possible to determine the virulence of the two strains as human pathogens from the provided data Strain A and strain B are equally virulent as human pathogens, as they average out in virulence. Strain A is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen. Strain B is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen.arrow_forwardIn Hershey-Chase experiment, bacteriophages protein coats were tagged with radioactive isotope S-32. These phages were used to infect E. coli cells and the cells were further centrifuged to form pellets. Why was the radioactivity level of S-32 found greater outside the cells compared to the E. coli cell pellets? Explain briefly. If the experiment is repeated in the same manner but this time the phage protein coats are labelled with isotope X and the phage DNA with isotope Y, which isotope’s radioactivity will be found in greater amounts in the E. coli cell pellets after centrifugation? Explain briefly.arrow_forwardShown below is a set of cell culture plates for a plaque assay. The assay was performed by preparing dilutions of a virus stock with the dilution factor for each prepared dilution listed below the sample. 0.5 mls of each dilution was added to confluent (fully covered) monolayers of cells on each plate. The virus used for the assay had a titer of 2 x 1010 Plaque forming units (PFU) per ml. Only 1 set of the above plates would have a number of plaques on it that would be both easy to count and high enough to be statistically relevant. Which dilution set would it be and about how many plaques would there be on the plates of that dilution set.arrow_forward
- A plaque assay is performed beginning with 1 mL of a solution containing bacteriophages. This solution is serially diluted 3 times by combining 0.1 mL of each sequential dilution with 9.9 mL of liquid medium. Then 0.1 mL of the final dilution is plated in the plaque assay and yields 12 plaques.What is the initial density of bacteriophages in the original 1 mL? Enter your answer to two significant figures ( for example: 1.1 * 10^2)arrow_forwardIf the concentration of phage in the original sample was markedly increased from the concentration that you actually received for this experiment, how could you ensure that you had between 30-300 plaques on your plate? (instead of TNTC) Thank youarrow_forwardWhich statement(s) indicates one or more benefits of electroporation? A.) Possibility of introducing plasmids into cells B.) Very high transfection rate on neurons C.) Allows marking of endogenous proteins (i.e. naturally produced by the cell) with fluorescent proteins D.) Makes fluorescent cells without adding external productsarrow_forward
- When plasmids are isolated from bacterial cells, they may existin a number of forms.a. List the different forms that may be found.b. Which do you think would migrate the fastest and farthest in anelectrophoresis experiment and why?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true of the gel electrophoresis shown? Note: Only one can be true... I'm between c or d. Previous answer confused me more. A) the power source has not been turned on yet. B) the three wells contained the same DNA molecules. C) well #1 had fewer molecules of DNA than well #2 or #3 D) well #3 had more different sized molecules of DNA than well #1 or #2arrow_forwardWhat is the purpose of diluting a culture by making "quadrant streaks" (or "streak plating") bacteria, and what can we use them for? Check all that apply A. To observe colony morphology/color B. To isolate viral plaques C. testing growth conditions or treatments (such as media, antibiotics, incubation temperature etc.,) D. To isolate a clonal population of bacteria from the rest of the culture E. For subculturing (transferring to new media so we can grow more bacteria, storing the plate in a fridge for repeated use so the bacteria don't die quickly) F. Accurate quantification (to calculate CFU/mL) G. To know what strain of bacteria you're working with, since you can tell based on how it looks on the plate. H. To lower risk of contamination/identify contaminationarrow_forward
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