Chapter 16, Problem 40E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Thetype of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ is a type of molecular solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Molecular solids are a type of crystalline solid which are composed of molecules which have weak intermolecular forces. In these solids, the constituent particle must be some molecule. ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ is a type of molecular solid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  ${\text{SiO}}_{\text{2}}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  ${\text{SiO}}_{\text{2}}$ is a type of covalent network solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Network solids are types of crystalline solid which are mainly composed of atoms which are bonded through covalent bonds to form a large cross network. In these solids, the constituent particle must be some atoms which are bonded with strong covalent bonds. ${\text{SiO}}_{\text{2}}$ is a type of covalent network solid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  $\text{Si}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  $\text{Si}$ is a type of covalent network solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Network solids are types of crystalline solid which are mainly composed of atoms which are bonded through covalent bonds to form a large cross network. In these solids, the constituent particle must be some atoms which are bonded with strong covalent bonds. $\text{Si}$ is a type of covalent network solid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  ${\text{CH}}_4$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  ${\text{CH}}_4$ is a type of molecular solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Molecular solids is a type of crystalline solid which are composed of molecules which have weak intermolecular forces. In these solids, the constituent particle must be some molecule. ${\text{CH}}_4$ is a type of molecular solid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  $\text{Ru}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  $\text{Ru}$ is a type of metallic solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Metallic solids are composed of metal atoms which are bonded with metallic bonds. Metallic bonds are the electrostatic force of attraction between positive charge metal ions and free mobile electrons. $\text{Ru}$ is a type of metallic solid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  ${\text{I}}_{\text{2}}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  ${\text{I}}_{\text{2}}$ is a type of molecular solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Molecular solids is a type of crystalline solid which are composed of molecules which have weak intermolecular forces. In these solids, the constituent particle must be some molecule. ${\text{I}}_{\text{2}}$ is a type of molecular solid.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  $\text{KBr}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  $\text{KBr}$ is a type of ionic solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Ionic solids are mainly composed of oppositely charged ions; cation and anion. Here due to opposite charges, they are held together with strong ionic bonds. $\text{KBr}$ is a type of ionic solid.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$ is a type of molecular solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Molecular solids is a type of crystalline solid which are composed of molecules which have weak intermolecular forces. In these solids, the constituent particle must be molecules which are bonded with weak intermolecular forces. ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$ is a type of molecular solid.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  $\text{NaOH}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  $\text{NaOH}$ is a type of ionic solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Ionic solids are mainly composed of oppositely charged ions; cation and anion. Here due to opposite charges, they are held together with strong ionic bonds. $\text{NaOH}$ is a type of ionic solid.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  $\text{U}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  $\text{U}$ is a type of metallic solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Metallic solids are composed of metal atoms which are bonded with metallic bonds. Metallic bonds are the electrostatic force of attraction between positive charge metal ions and free mobile electrons. $\text{U}$ is a type of metallic solid.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  ${\text{CaCO}}_{\text{3}}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  ${\text{CaCO}}_{\text{3}}$ is a type of ionic solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Ionic solids are mainly composed of oppositely charged ions; cation and anion. Here due to opposite charges, they are held together with strong ionic bonds. ${\text{CaCO}}_{\text{3}}$ is a type of ionic solid as it is composed of Ca²+ and CO₃-2 ions.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  ${\text{PH}}_{\text{3}}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  ${\text{PH}}_{\text{3}}$ is a type of molecular solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Molecular solids is a type of crystalline solid which are composed of molecules which have weak intermolecular forces. In these solids, the constituent particle must be some molecule. ${\text{PH}}_{\text{3}}$ is a type of molecular solid in which molecules are bonded with dipole-dipole interactions.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  $\text{GaAs}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  $\text{GaAs}$ is a type of covalent network solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Network solids are types of crystalline solid which are mainly composed of atoms which are bonded through covalent bonds to form a large cross network. In these solids, the constituent particle must be some atoms which are bonded with strong covalent bonds. $\text{GaAs}$ is a type of covalent network solid in which both atoms Ga and As are bonded with covalent bonds.

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  $\text{BaO}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  $\text{BaO}$ is a type of ionic solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Ionic solids are mainly composed of oppositely charged ions; cation and anion. Here due to opposite charges, they are held together with strong ionic bonds. $\text{BaO}$ is a type of ionic solid as it is composed of Ba²+ and O- ions.

(o)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  $\text{NO}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  $\text{NO}$ is a type of molecular solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Molecular solids is a type of crystalline solid which are composed of molecules which have weak intermolecular forces. In these solids, the constituent particle must be some molecule. $\text{NO}$ is a type of molecular solid.

(p)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The type of solid for given substance needs to be explained.

  ${\text{GeO}}_{\text{2}}$

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc.

On the basis of structure and intermolecular interactions, solids can further classified as:

• Crystalline solids - Molecular solids, network solid, ionic solids, metallic solids
• Amorphous solid

Answer to Problem 40E

  ${\text{GeO}}_{\text{2}}$ is a type of ionic solid.

Explanation of Solution

Crystalline solids have well defined ordered arrangement of particles whereas amorphous solids have disordered at an atomic level because particles are held together in a completely random formation.

Ionic solids are mainly composed of oppositely charged ions; cation and anion. Here due to opposite charges, they are held together with strong ionic bonds. ${\text{GeO}}_{\text{2}}$ is a type of ionic solid as it is composed of Ge⁴+ and O- ions.