Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The relationship between the given pair of molecules needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Identical molecules are the ones with no isomers, neither constitutional isomers nor stereoisomers. Identical molecules have the same structural arrangement of atoms and the same three-dimensional arrangement.
Isomers are the molecules with the same formula but either with different structural connectivity (constitutional isomers) or different three-dimensional arrangement (stereoisomers).
A tetrahedral carbon atom bonded to four different groups is called a chiral center. A Molecule having at least one chiral center is a chiral molecule. Molecules that do not have any chiral centers are called achiral. Identical molecules do not have any chiral centers; therefore, they are achiral.
When the mirror images of a chiral molecule are not superimposable, those mirror images become stereoisomers called enantiomers.
When a molecule has more than one chiral center, another class of stereoisomers can be defined: Diastereomers, are the stereoisomers, which are not mirror images of each other.
(b)
Interpretation:
The relationship between the given pair of molecules needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Identical molecules are the ones with no isomers, neither constitutional isomers nor stereoisomers. Identical molecules have the same structural arrangement of atoms and the same three-dimensional arrangement.
Isomers are the molecules with the same formula but either with different structural connectivity (constitutional isomers) or different three-dimensional arrangement (stereoisomers).
A tetrahedral carbon atom bonded to four different groups is called a chiral center. A Molecule having at least one chiral center is a chiral molecule. Molecules that do not have any chiral centers are called achiral. Identical molecules do not have any chiral centers; therefore, they are achiral.
When the mirror images of a chiral molecule are not superimposable, those mirror images become stereoisomers called enantiomers.
When a molecule has more than one chiral center, another class of stereoisomers can be defined: Diastereomers, are the stereoisomers, which are not mirror images of each other.
(c)
Interpretation:
The relationship between the given pair of molecules needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Identical molecules are the ones with no isomers, neither constitutional isomers nor stereoisomers. Identical molecules have the same structural arrangement of atoms and the same three-dimensional arrangement.
Isomers are the molecules with the same formula but either with different structural connectivity (constitutional isomers) or different three-dimensional arrangement (stereoisomers).
A tetrahedral carbon atom bonded to four different groups is called a chiral center. A Molecule having at least one chiral center is a chiral molecule. Molecules that do not have any chiral centers are called achiral. Identical molecules do not have any chiral centers; therefore, they are achiral.
When the mirror images of a chiral molecule are not superimposable, those mirror images become stereoisomers called enantiomers.
When a molecule has more than one chiral center, another class of stereoisomers can be defined: Diastereomers, are the stereoisomers, which are not mirror images of each other.
(d)
Interpretation:
The relationship between the given pair of molecules needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Identical molecules are the ones with no isomers, neither constitutional isomers nor stereoisomers. Identical molecules have the same structural arrangement of atoms and the same three-dimensional arrangement.
Isomers are the molecules with the same formula but either with different structural connectivity (constitutional isomers) or different three-dimensional arrangement (stereoisomers).
A carbon atom bonded to four different groups is called a chiral center. A Molecule having at least one chiral center is a chiral molecule. Molecules that do not have any chiral centers are called achiral. Identical molecules do not have any chiral centers; therefore, they are achiral.
When the mirror images of a chiral molecule are not superimposable, those mirror images become stereoisomers called enantiomers.
When a molecule has more than one chiral center, another class of stereoisomers can be defined: Diastereomers, are the stereoisomers, which are not mirror images of each other.
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Chapter 15 Solutions
Connect One Semester Access Card for General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry
- The aim of the lab is to measure the sodium content from tomato sauce using the Mohr titration method. There are two groups being: Regular Tomato sauce & Salt Reduced tomato sauce QUESTION: State how you would prepare both Regular & Salt reduced tomato sauce samples for chemical analysis using the Mohr titration methodarrow_forwardUsing the conditions of spontaneity to deduce the signs of AH and AS Use the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions A The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous but proceeds faster at temperatures above -48. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) ✓ AS is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous except below 114. °C but proceeds at a slower rate below 135. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is C This reaction is exothermic and proceeds faster at temperatures above -43. °C. (pick one) AS is (pick one) v Х 5 ? 18 Ararrow_forwardion. A student proposes the following Lewis structure for the perchlorate (CIO) io : :0: : Cl : - - : :0: ك Assign a formal charge to each atom in the student's Lewis structure. atom central O formal charge ☐ top O ☐ right O ☐ bottom O ☐ Cl ☐arrow_forward
- Decide whether these proposed Lewis structures are reasonable. proposed Lewis structure Yes. Is the proposed Lewis structure reasonable? Cl- : 2: :Z: :Z: N—N : 0: C C1: O CO No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* ☐ Yes. No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* | Yes. No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* | If two or more atoms of the same element don't satisfy the octet rule, just enter the chemical symbol as many times as necessary. For example, if two oxygen atoms don't satisfy the octet rule, enter "0,0". ☑arrow_forwardUse the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions ΔΗ is (pick one) A This reaction is faster above 103. °C than below. AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous only above -9. °C. AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) C The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous. AS is (pick one) 18 Ararrow_forwardUse the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions A The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous but proceeds slower at temperatures below 41. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous except above 94. °C. AS is (pick one) This reaction is always spontaneous, but ΔΗ is (pick one) C proceeds slower at temperatures below −14. °C. AS is (pick one) Х 00. 18 Ar 무ㅎ B 1 1arrow_forward
- Draw the product of the reaction shown below. Ignore inorganic byproducts. + H CH3CH2OH HCI Drawingarrow_forwardplease explain this in simple termsarrow_forwardK Most Reactive Na (3 pts) Can the metal activity series (shown on the right) or a standard reduction potential table explain why potassium metal can be prepared from the reaction of molten KCI and Na metal but sodium metal is not prepared from the reaction of molten NaCl and K metal? Show how (not). Ca Mg Al с Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Ag Au Least Reactivearrow_forward
- (2 pts) Why is O2 more stable as a diatomic molecule than S2?arrow_forwardDraw the Lewis structure for the polyatomic phosphite (PO¾³¯) a anion. Be sure to include all resonance structures that satisfy the octet rule. C I A [ ]¯arrow_forwardDecide whether these proposed Lewis structures are reasonable. proposed Lewis structure Is the proposed Lewis structure reasonable? Yes. :0: Cl C C1: 0=0: : 0 : : 0 : H C N No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* ☐ Yes. No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* Yes. ☐ No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* | * If two or more atoms of the same element don't satisfy the octet rule, just enter the chemical symbol as many times as necessary. For example, if two oxygen atoms don't satisfy the octet rule, enter "0,0".arrow_forward
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