Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781133939146
Author: Katz, Debora M.
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 14, Problem 3PQ
Two identical balls are attached to a strong, lightweight rod (Fig. P14.3). The rod is supported by a horizontal pin at the system’s center of mass. The balls are at rest. Is the system in static equilibrium? If not, why not? If so, which type of equilibrium is it—stable, unstable, or neutral? Hint: What would happen if you displaced the balls slightly?
FIGURE P14.3
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 14 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
Ch. 14.1 - A rubber duck floats in a bathtub. Imagine moving...Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 14.2CECh. 14.2 - CASE STUDY Hanging a Plane from a Single Point In...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 14.4CECh. 14.4 - Imagine two vertical rods initially of equal...Ch. 14 - What Is Static Equilibrium? Problems 13 are...Ch. 14 - Prob. 2PQCh. 14 - Two identical balls are attached to a...Ch. 14 - While working on homework together, your friend...Ch. 14 - Consider the sketch of a portion of a...
Ch. 14 - Prob. 6PQCh. 14 - Prob. 7PQCh. 14 - Prob. 8PQCh. 14 - The keystone of an arch is the stone at the top...Ch. 14 - Prob. 10PQCh. 14 - Stand straight and comfortably with your feet...Ch. 14 - Prob. 12PQCh. 14 - Prob. 13PQCh. 14 - Prob. 14PQCh. 14 - Prob. 15PQCh. 14 - Prob. 16PQCh. 14 - Prob. 17PQCh. 14 - Prob. 18PQCh. 14 - Prob. 19PQCh. 14 - Prob. 20PQCh. 14 - Prob. 21PQCh. 14 - The inner planets of our solar system are...Ch. 14 - Two Boy Scouts, Bobby and Jimmy, are carrying a...Ch. 14 - Prob. 24PQCh. 14 - A painter of mass 87.8 kg is 1.45 m from the top...Ch. 14 - Consider the situation in Problem 25. Tests have...Ch. 14 - Children playing pirates have suspended a uniform...Ch. 14 - Prob. 28PQCh. 14 - Prob. 29PQCh. 14 - A 5.45-N beam of uniform density is 1.60 m long....Ch. 14 - A wooden door 2.1 m high and 0.90 m wide is hung...Ch. 14 - A 215-kg robotic arm at an assembly plant is...Ch. 14 - Problems 33 and 34 are paired. One end of a...Ch. 14 - For the uniform beam in Problem 33, find the...Ch. 14 - Prob. 35PQCh. 14 - A square plate with sides of length 4.0 m can...Ch. 14 - Prob. 37PQCh. 14 - At a museum, a 1300-kg model aircraft is hung from...Ch. 14 - A uniform wire (Y = 2.0 1011 N/m2) is subjected...Ch. 14 - A brass wire and a steel wire, both of the same...Ch. 14 - In Example 14.3, we found that one of the steel...Ch. 14 - A carbon nanotube is a nanometer-scale cylindrical...Ch. 14 - A nanotube with a Youngs modulus of 1.000 1012 Pa...Ch. 14 - Consider a nanotube with a Youngs modulus of 2.130...Ch. 14 - Prob. 45PQCh. 14 - Use the graph in Figure P14.46 to list the three...Ch. 14 - Prob. 47PQCh. 14 - A company is testing a new material made of...Ch. 14 - Prob. 49PQCh. 14 - Prob. 50PQCh. 14 - Prob. 51PQCh. 14 - Prob. 52PQCh. 14 - Prob. 53PQCh. 14 - Prob. 54PQCh. 14 - Prob. 55PQCh. 14 - Prob. 56PQCh. 14 - A copper rod with length 1.4 m and cross-sectional...Ch. 14 - Prob. 58PQCh. 14 - Prob. 59PQCh. 14 - Bruce Lee was famous for breaking concrete blocks...Ch. 14 - Prob. 61PQCh. 14 - Prob. 62PQCh. 14 - Prob. 63PQCh. 14 - A One end of a metal rod of weight Fg and length L...Ch. 14 - Prob. 65PQCh. 14 - A steel cable 2.00 m in length and with...Ch. 14 - Prob. 67PQCh. 14 - Prob. 68PQCh. 14 - Prob. 69PQCh. 14 - Prob. 70PQCh. 14 - Prob. 71PQCh. 14 - Prob. 72PQCh. 14 - Prob. 73PQCh. 14 - We know from studying friction forces that static...Ch. 14 - Ruby, with mass 55.0 kg, is trying to reach a box...Ch. 14 - An object is being weighed using an unequal-arm...Ch. 14 - Prob. 77PQCh. 14 - A massless, horizontal beam of length L and a...Ch. 14 - A rod of length 4.00 m with negligible mass is...Ch. 14 - A rod of length 4.00 m with negligible mass is...Ch. 14 - A horizontal, rigid bar of negligible weight is...Ch. 14 - Prob. 82PQCh. 14 - Prob. 83PQCh. 14 - Prob. 84PQCh. 14 - Prob. 85PQ
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