Discuss the relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborn.

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 13.L2, Problem 1CT

Discuss the relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborn.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborns.

Introduction:

The vagina houses various microbes which changes with pre-puberty and after puberty and return back to pre-puberty conditions after menopause. From the point of the amniotic sac breaking, microbes from the mother’s vagina enter the womb. Even more extensive exposure occurs during the birth process itself, when the baby unavoidably comes into intimate contact with the birth canal.

Explanation of Solution

Estrogen normally stimulates the vaginal mucosa to secrete glycogen, which certain bacteria (primarily Lactobacillus species) ferment, thus lowering the pH to about 4.5. Before puberty a girl produces little estrogen and little glycogen and has a vaginal pH of about 7. These conditions favor the establishment of diphtheroids,3 staphylococci, streptococci, and some coliforms. As hormone levels rise at puberty, the vagina begins to deposit glycogen, and the microbiota shift to the acid-producing lactobacilli. It is thought that the acidic pH of the vagina during this time prevents the establishment and invasion of microbes with potential to harm a developing fetus. The estrogenglycogen effect continues, with minor disruption, throughout the childbearing years until menopause. Within 8 to 12 hours after delivery, the newborn typically has been colonized by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli, acquired primarily from its mother.

Conclusion

Hence, it may be concluded that the newborn gets several resident microbes from the vagina and birth canal during pregnancy and birth.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 13.L2, Problem 1CT

Discuss the relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborn.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborns.

Introduction:

The vagina houses various microbes which changes with pre-puberty and after puberty and return back to pre-puberty conditions after menopause. From the point of the amniotic sac breaking, microbes from the mother’s vagina enter the womb. Even more extensive exposure occurs during the birth process itself, when the baby unavoidably comes into intimate contact with the birth canal.

Explanation of Solution

Estrogen normally stimulates the vaginal mucosa to secrete glycogen, which certain bacteria (primarily Lactobacillus species) ferment, thus lowering the pH to about 4.5. Before puberty a girl produces little estrogen and little glycogen and has a vaginal pH of about 7. These conditions favor the establishment of diphtheroids,3 staphylococci, streptococci, and some coliforms. As hormone levels rise at puberty, the vagina begins to deposit glycogen, and the microbiota shift to the acid-producing lactobacilli. It is thought that the acidic pH of the vagina during this time prevents the establishment and invasion of microbes with potential to harm a developing fetus. The estrogenglycogen effect continues, with minor disruption, throughout the childbearing years until menopause. Within 8 to 12 hours after delivery, the newborn typically has been colonized by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli, acquired primarily from its mother.

Conclusion

Hence, it may be concluded that the newborn gets several resident microbes from the vagina and birth canal during pregnancy and birth.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 13.L2, Problem 1CT

Discuss the relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborn.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborns.

Introduction:

The vagina houses various microbes which changes with pre-puberty and after puberty and return back to pre-puberty conditions after menopause. From the point of the amniotic sac breaking, microbes from the mother’s vagina enter the womb. Even more extensive exposure occurs during the birth process itself, when the baby unavoidably comes into intimate contact with the birth canal.

Explanation of Solution

Estrogen normally stimulates the vaginal mucosa to secrete glycogen, which certain bacteria (primarily Lactobacillus species) ferment, thus lowering the pH to about 4.5. Before puberty a girl produces little estrogen and little glycogen and has a vaginal pH of about 7. These conditions favor the establishment of diphtheroids,3 staphylococci, streptococci, and some coliforms. As hormone levels rise at puberty, the vagina begins to deposit glycogen, and the microbiota shift to the acid-producing lactobacilli. It is thought that the acidic pH of the vagina during this time prevents the establishment and invasion of microbes with potential to harm a developing fetus. The estrogenglycogen effect continues, with minor disruption, throughout the childbearing years until menopause. Within 8 to 12 hours after delivery, the newborn typically has been colonized by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli, acquired primarily from its mother.

Conclusion

Hence, it may be concluded that the newborn gets several resident microbes from the vagina and birth canal during pregnancy and birth.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 13.L2, Problem 1CT

Discuss the relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborn.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborns.

Introduction:

The vagina houses various microbes which changes with pre-puberty and after puberty and return back to pre-puberty conditions after menopause. From the point of the amniotic sac breaking, microbes from the mother’s vagina enter the womb. Even more extensive exposure occurs during the birth process itself, when the baby unavoidably comes into intimate contact with the birth canal.

Explanation of Solution

Estrogen normally stimulates the vaginal mucosa to secrete glycogen, which certain bacteria (primarily Lactobacillus species) ferment, thus lowering the pH to about 4.5. Before puberty a girl produces little estrogen and little glycogen and has a vaginal pH of about 7. These conditions favor the establishment of diphtheroids,3 staphylococci, streptococci, and some coliforms. As hormone levels rise at puberty, the vagina begins to deposit glycogen, and the microbiota shift to the acid-producing lactobacilli. It is thought that the acidic pH of the vagina during this time prevents the establishment and invasion of microbes with potential to harm a developing fetus. The estrogenglycogen effect continues, with minor disruption, throughout the childbearing years until menopause. Within 8 to 12 hours after delivery, the newborn typically has been colonized by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli, acquired primarily from its mother.

Conclusion

Hence, it may be concluded that the newborn gets several resident microbes from the vagina and birth canal during pregnancy and birth.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborns.

Introduction:

The vagina houses various microbes which changes with pre-puberty and after puberty and return back to pre-puberty conditions after menopause. From the point of the amniotic sac breaking, microbes from the mother’s vagina enter the womb. Even more extensive exposure occurs during the birth process itself, when the baby unavoidably comes into intimate contact with the birth canal.

Explanation of Solution

Estrogen normally stimulates the vaginal mucosa to secrete glycogen, which certain bacteria (primarily Lactobacillus species) ferment, thus lowering the pH to about 4.5. Before puberty a girl produces little estrogen and little glycogen and has a vaginal pH of about 7. These conditions favor the establishment of diphtheroids,3 staphylococci, streptococci, and some coliforms. As hormone levels rise at puberty, the vagina begins to deposit glycogen, and the microbiota shift to the acid-producing lactobacilli. It is thought that the acidic pH of the vagina during this time prevents the establishment and invasion of microbes with potential to harm a developing fetus. The estrogenglycogen effect continues, with minor disruption, throughout the childbearing years until menopause. Within 8 to 12 hours after delivery, the newborn typically has been colonized by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli, acquired primarily from its mother.

Conclusion

Hence, it may be concluded that the newborn gets several resident microbes from the vagina and birth canal during pregnancy and birth.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborns.

Introduction:

The vagina houses various microbes which changes with pre-puberty and after puberty and return back to pre-puberty conditions after menopause. From the point of the amniotic sac breaking, microbes from the mother’s vagina enter the womb. Even more extensive exposure occurs during the birth process itself, when the baby unavoidably comes into intimate contact with the birth canal.

Explanation of Solution

Estrogen normally stimulates the vaginal mucosa to secrete glycogen, which certain bacteria (primarily Lactobacillus species) ferment, thus lowering the pH to about 4.5. Before puberty a girl produces little estrogen and little glycogen and has a vaginal pH of about 7. These conditions favor the establishment of diphtheroids,3 staphylococci, streptococci, and some coliforms. As hormone levels rise at puberty, the vagina begins to deposit glycogen, and the microbiota shift to the acid-producing lactobacilli. It is thought that the acidic pH of the vagina during this time prevents the establishment and invasion of microbes with potential to harm a developing fetus. The estrogenglycogen effect continues, with minor disruption, throughout the childbearing years until menopause. Within 8 to 12 hours after delivery, the newborn typically has been colonized by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli, acquired primarily from its mother.

Conclusion

Hence, it may be concluded that the newborn gets several resident microbes from the vagina and birth canal during pregnancy and birth.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborns.

Introduction:

The vagina houses various microbes which changes with pre-puberty and after puberty and return back to pre-puberty conditions after menopause. From the point of the amniotic sac breaking, microbes from the mother’s vagina enter the womb. Even more extensive exposure occurs during the birth process itself, when the baby unavoidably comes into intimate contact with the birth canal.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Estrogen normally stimulates the vaginal mucosa to secrete glycogen, which certain bacteria (primarily Lactobacillus species) ferment, thus lowering the pH to about 4.5. Before puberty a girl produces little estrogen and little glycogen and has a vaginal pH of about 7. These conditions favor the establishment of diphtheroids,3 staphylococci, streptococci, and some coliforms. As hormone levels rise at puberty, the vagina begins to deposit glycogen, and the microbiota shift to the acid-producing lactobacilli. It is thought that the acidic pH of the vagina during this time prevents the establishment and invasion of microbes with potential to harm a developing fetus. The estrogenglycogen effect continues, with minor disruption, throughout the childbearing years until menopause. Within 8 to 12 hours after delivery, the newborn typically has been colonized by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli, acquired primarily from its mother.

Answer 13

Conclusion

Hence, it may be concluded that the newborn gets several resident microbes from the vagina and birth canal during pregnancy and birth.

Answer 14

Ch. 13.1 - Describe some of the major interactions between...Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 2ELO Ch. 13.1 - Discuss the characteristics of the normal...Ch. 13.1 - Briefly relate the sources and conditions that...Ch. 13.1 - Identify which bodily sites remain free of living...Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 6ELO Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 1CYP Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 2CYP Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 3CYP Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 4CYP

Discuss the relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborn.

Solution Summary: The author analyzes the relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of newborns.

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