Whether an ionic compound that has a highly negative Δ H s o l u t i o n in water is soluble or insoluble in water is to be determined. Also, it is to be explained in terms of enthalpy and entropy changes. Concept introduction: The enthalpy is the thermodynamic property of the system. It is defined as the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume of the system. It is a state function and is independent of the path followed by the system from initial to the final state. It is an extensive property. The total enthalpy of the system cannot be measured directly so the change in enthalpy ( Δ H ) is measured. If Δ H of the reaction is positive, it is an endothermic reaction and if Δ H of the reaction is negative, it is an exothermic reaction. The enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by Δ H solution . It can either be positive or negative. The entropy is the thermodynamic function that describes the randomness or disorderness of the system. It is represented by S . The direct measurement of entropy is not possible so its change is measured and is known as the entropy change ( Δ S ) . It can be positive, negative or zero.

Question

R₂ R₁ R₁ a R Rg Nu R₂ Rg R₁ R R₁₂ R3 R R Nu enolate forming R₁ R B-Alkylated carbonyl species or amines Cyclic B-Ketoester R₁₁ HOB R R₁B R R₁₂ B-Hydroxy carbonyl R diester R2 R3 R₁ RB OR R₂ 0 aB-Unsaturated carbonyl NaOR Aldol HOR reaction 1) LDA 2) R-X 3) H₂O/H₂O ketone, aldehyde 1) 2°-amine 2) acid chloride 3) H₂O'/H₂O 0 O R₁ R₁ R R₁ R₁₂ Alkylated a-carbon R₁ H.C R₁ H.C Alkylated methyl ketone acetoacetic ester B-Ketoester ester R₁ HO R₂ R B-Dicarbonyl HO Alkylated carboxylic acid malonic ester Write the reagents required to bring about each reaction next to the arrows shown. Next, record any regiochemistry or stereochemistry considerations relevant to the reaction. You should also record any key aspects of the mechanism, such as forma- tion of an important intermediate, as a helpful reminder. You may want to keep track of all reactions that make carbon-carbon bonds, because these help you build large molecules from smaller fragments. This especially applies to the reactions in…

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Question

Chapter 13, Problem 13.29P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether an ionic compound that has a highly negative ΔHsolution in water is soluble or insoluble in water is to be determined. Also, it is to be explained in terms of enthalpy and entropy changes.

Concept introduction:

The enthalpy is the thermodynamic property of the system. It is defined as the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume of the system. It is a state function and is independent of the path followed by the system from initial to the final state. It is an extensive property. The total enthalpy of the system cannot be measured directly so the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is measured. If ΔH of the reaction is positive, it is an endothermic reaction and if ΔH of the reaction is negative, it is an exothermic reaction.

The enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by ΔHsolution. It can either be positive or negative.

The entropy is the thermodynamic function that describes the randomness or disorderness of the system. It is represented by S. The direct measurement of entropy is not possible so its change is measured and is known as the entropy change (ΔS). It can be positive, negative or zero.

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