Chapter 13, Problem 13.33P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ${\text{I}}^{-}$ or ${\text{Br}}^{-}$ has a lower ratio of charge to volume is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ${\text{Ca}}^{2+}$ or ${\text{Sc}}^{3+}$ has a lower ratio of charge to volume is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ${\text{K}}^{+}$ or ${\text{Br}}^{-}$ has a lower ratio of charge to volume is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ${\text{Cl}}^{-}$ or ${\text{S}}^{2-}$ has a lower ratio of charge to volume is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ${\text{Sc}}^{3+}$ or ${\text{Al}}^{3+}$ has a lower ratio of charge to volume is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ${\text{ClO}}_4^{-}$ or ${\text{SO}}_4^{2-}$ has a lower ratio of charge to volume is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ${\text{Fe}}^{2+}$ or ${\text{Fe}}^{3+}$ has a lower ratio of charge to volume is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ${\text{K}}^{+}$ or ${\text{Ca}}^{2+}$ has a lower ratio of charge to volume is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.