Chapter 13, Problem 13.119P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The total molarity of ions for each solution is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in one litre of solution. It is represented by $M$ and its unit is $\text{mol/L}$.

The formula to calculate the molarity of the solution is as follows:

$\text{Molarity}\left(M\right)=\frac{\text{amount}\left(\text{mol}\right)\text{of}\text{solute}}{\text{volume }\left(\text{L}\right)\text{of}\text{}\text{solution}}$        (1)

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The highest molarity of the solute is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in one litre of solution. It is represented by $M$ and its unit is $\text{mol/L}$.

The formula to calculate the molarity of the solution is as follows:

$\text{Molarity}\left(M\right)=\frac{\text{amount}\left(\text{mol}\right)\text{of}\text{solute}}{\text{volume }\left(\text{L}\right)\text{of}\text{}\text{solution}}$        (1)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The lowest molality of solute is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Molality is the measure of the concentration of solute in the solution. It is the amount of solute that is dissolved in one kilogram of the solvent. It is represented by $m$ and its unit is moles per kilograms. The solute is the substance that is present in a smaller amount and solvent is the substance that is present in a larger amount.

The formula to calculate the molality of the solution is as follows:

$\text{Molality}=\frac{\text{amount}\left(\text{mol}\right)\text{of}\text{solute}}{\text{mass}\left(\text{kg}\right)\text{of}\text{}\text{solvent}}$        (4)

The density of the substance is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is represented by $\rho$ and its unit is ${\text{kg/m}}^3$.

The formula to calculate the density of the solution is as follows:

$\text{Density of solution}\left(\rho \right)=\frac{\text{Mass }\left(M\right)}{\text{Volume of solution}\left(V\right)}$        (5)

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The highest osmotic pressure is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The osmotic pressure is defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in pure solvent via osmosis. It is defined as the minimum pressure that is to be applied to the solution to prevent the inward flow of the pure solvent across the semipermeable membrane. Osmosis occurs when two solutions have different concentrations of solute and are separated by a semipermeable membrane.

The formula to calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution is as follows:

$\prod =iMRT$        (8)

Here,

$\prod$ is the osmotic pressure.

$i$ is van’t Hoff factor.

$M$ is the molarity of the solution.

$R$ is universal gas constant.

$T$ is the absolute temperature.