University Physics Volume 2
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781938168161
Author: OpenStax
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 12, Problem 76AP
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Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 12 Solutions
University Physics Volume 2
Ch. 12 - Check Your Understanding Using Example 12.1, at...Ch. 12 - Check Your Understanding The wire loop forms a...Ch. 12 - 12.3 Check Your Understanding Using Example 12.3,...Ch. 12 - 12.4 Check Your Understanding Two wires, both...Ch. 12 - Check Your Understanding Using Example 12.5, at...Ch. 12 - Check Your Understanding Consider using Ampere’s...Ch. 12 - 12.7 Check Your Understanding What is the ratio of...Ch. 12 - Check your Understanding Repeat the calculations...Ch. 12 - For calculating magnetic fields, what are the...Ch. 12 - Describe the magnetic field due to the current in...
Ch. 12 - How can you decide if a wire is infinite?Ch. 12 - Identical currents are carried in two circular...Ch. 12 - How would you orient two long, straight, current...Ch. 12 - Compare and contrast the electric field of an...Ch. 12 - Is B constant in magnitude for points that lie on...Ch. 12 - Is the magnetic field of a current loop uniform?Ch. 12 - What happens to the length of a suspended spring...Ch. 12 - Two concentric circular wines with different...Ch. 12 - Is Ampere’s law valid for all closed paths? Why...Ch. 12 - Is the magnetic field inside a toroid completely...Ch. 12 - Explain why B=0 inside a long, hollow copper pipe...Ch. 12 - A diamagnetic material is brought dose to a...Ch. 12 - If you cut a bar magnet into two pieces, will you...Ch. 12 - A 10-A current flows through the wire shown. What...Ch. 12 - Ten amps flow through a square loop where each...Ch. 12 - What is the magnetic field at P due to the current...Ch. 12 - The accompanying figure shows a current loop...Ch. 12 - Find the magnetic field at the center C of the...Ch. 12 - Two long wires, one of which has a semicircular...Ch. 12 - A typical currant in a lightning bolt is 104 A....Ch. 12 - The magnitude of the magnetic field 50 cm from a...Ch. 12 - A transmission line strung 7.0 m above the ground...Ch. 12 - A long, straight, horizontal wire carries a...Ch. 12 - The two long, parallel wires shown in the...Ch. 12 - The accompanying figure shows two long, straight,...Ch. 12 - Repeat the calculations of the preceding problem...Ch. 12 - Consider the area between the wires of the...Ch. 12 - Two long, straight wires are parallel and 25 cm...Ch. 12 - Two long, straight wires are parallel and 10 cm...Ch. 12 - Two long, parallel wires are hung by cords of...Ch. 12 - A circuit with current I has two long parallel...Ch. 12 - The infinite, straight wire shown in the...Ch. 12 - When the current through a circular loop is 6.0 A,...Ch. 12 - How many turns must be wound on a flat, circular...Ch. 12 - A flat, circular loop has 20 turns. The radius of...Ch. 12 - A circular loop of radius R carries a current I....Ch. 12 - Two flat, circular coils, each with a radius R and...Ch. 12 - For the coils in the preceding problem, what is...Ch. 12 - A current 1 flows around the rectangular loop...Ch. 12 - Evaluate BdI for each of the cases shown in the...Ch. 12 - The coil whose lengthwise cross section is shown...Ch. 12 - A superconducting wire of diameter 0.25 cm carries...Ch. 12 - A long, straight wire of radius R caries a current...Ch. 12 - The accompanying figure shows a cross-section of a...Ch. 12 - A long, solid, cylindrical conductor of radius 3.0...Ch. 12 - A portion of a long, cylindrical coaxial cable is...Ch. 12 - A solenoid is wound with 2000 turns pet meter....Ch. 12 - A solenoid has 12 turns per centimeter. What...Ch. 12 - If a current is 2.0 A, bow many turns per...Ch. 12 - A solenoid is 40 cm long, has a diameter of 3.0...Ch. 12 - Determine the magnetic field on the central axis...Ch. 12 - By how much is the approximation B=0nI in error at...Ch. 12 - A solenoid with 25 turns per centimeter carries a...Ch. 12 - A toroid has 250 trims of wire and carries a...Ch. 12 - A toroid with a square cross section 3.0cm3.0cm...Ch. 12 - The magnetic field in the core of an air-filled...Ch. 12 - A solenoid has a ferromagnetic core, n = 1000...Ch. 12 - A 20-A current flows through a solenoid with 2000...Ch. 12 - The magnetic dipole moment of the iron atom is...Ch. 12 - Suppose you wish to produce 1.2-T magnetic field...Ch. 12 - A current of 1.5 A flows through the windings of a...Ch. 12 - A solenoid with an iron core is 25 cm long and is...Ch. 12 - Three long, straight, parallel wires, all carrying...Ch. 12 - A current I flows around a wire bent into the...Ch. 12 - The accompanying figure shows a long, straight...Ch. 12 - Current flows along a thin, infinite sheet as...Ch. 12 - (a) Use the result of the previous problem to...Ch. 12 - We often assume that the magnetic field is uniform...Ch. 12 - How is the percentage change in the strength of...Ch. 12 - Show that the expression for the magnetic field of...Ch. 12 - A toroid with an inner radius of 20 cm and an...Ch. 12 - A wire element has dI,IdI=JAdl=Jdv , where A and...Ch. 12 - A reasonably uniform magnetic field over a limited...Ch. 12 - A charge of 4.0C .s distributed uniformly around a...Ch. 12 - A thin, nonconducting disk of radius R is free to...Ch. 12 - Consider the disk in the previous problem....Ch. 12 - Consider the axial magnetic field...Ch. 12 - The current density in the long, cylindrical wire...Ch. 12 - A long, straight, cylindrical conductor contains a...Ch. 12 - Between the two ends of a horseshoe magnet the...Ch. 12 - Show that the magnetic field of a thin wire and...Ch. 12 - An Ampere loop is chosen as shown by dashed lines...Ch. 12 - , A ray long, thick, cylindrical wire of radius R...Ch. 12 - A very long, cylindrical wire of radius a has a...Ch. 12 - Magnetic field inside a torus. Consider a torus of...Ch. 12 - Two long coaxial copper tubes, each of length L,...Ch. 12 - The accompanying figure shows a flat, infinitely...Ch. 12 - A hypothetical current flowing in the z-direction...Ch. 12 - A nonconducting hard rubber circular disk of...
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