Chapter 12, Problem 38E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{4}}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 38E

Electron dot structure of ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{4}}$ is shown below.

The structural formula of ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{4}}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In a molecule ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{4}}$, carbon is present as a central atom. Carbon has four valence electrons in its outermost shell. In ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{4}}$, chlorine atoms are present as the surrounding atoms. Valence electrons present in chlorine atom is $7$. Four chlorine atoms share only $1$ valence electron with central atom carbon to form a covalent bond. Total number of electrons present around the carbon atom are $8$. The electrons present around the chlorine atoms are the non-bonding electrons. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{4}}$ is shown below in Figure 1 and 2 respectively.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Each solid line, in Figure 2, between the carbon and chlorine atom is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the central atom carbon and the surrounding chlorine atom.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{4}}$ is shown above in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{HONO}}_{\text{2}}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 38E

Electron dot structure of ${\text{HONO}}_{\text{2}}$ is shown below.

The structural formula of ${\text{HONO}}_{\text{2}}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{HONO}}_{\text{2}}$, nitrogen is present as a central atom. Nitrogen has five valence electrons in its outermost shell. In ${\text{HONO}}_{\text{2}}$, oxygen atoms are present as the surrounding atoms. Oxygen atoms have $6$ valence electrons in their outermost shell. Oxygen atom share their electrons with central atom nitrogen and two types of bond are formed. One is coordinate bond and other is the covalent bond. Coordinate bond is formed when both the the electrons are only from one species that is from nitrogen atom. Oxygen atom is also bonded with hydrogen atom via covalent bond. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{HONO}}_{\text{2}}$ is shown below in Figure 3 and 4 respectively.

Figure 3

Figure 4

Each solid line, in Figure 4, between the nitrogen and oxygen atom is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the central atom nitrogen and the surrounding oxygen atom. Bond between oxygen and hydrogen is also a covalent bond. Bond between nitrogen and oxygen with red arrow is the coordinate bond. This shows the sharing of nitrogen electrons between the oxygen and the nitrogen.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{HONO}}_{\text{2}}$ is shown above in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 38E

Electron dot structure ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$ is shown below.

The structural formula of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$, carbon is present as a central atom. Carbon has four valence electrons in its outermost shell. In ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are present as the surrounding atoms. Valence electrons present in hydrogen is $1$ and valence electrons in oxygen atom is $6$. Three hydrogen atoms share $1$ valence electron with central atom carbon to form a covalent bond. Total number of electrons present around the carbon atom are $8$. Bond between carbon and the oxygen atom is also a covalent bond. The oxygen atom and the hydrogen atom forms a bond which is also covalent in nature. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$ is shown below in Figure 5 and 6 respectively.

Figure 5

Figure 6

Each solid line, in Figure 6, between the carbon-hydrogen, carbon-oxygen and oxygen –hydrogen is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the two atoms present in that bond. Lone pair of oxygen is shown with $4$ dots on oxygen atom in Figure 6.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$ is shown above in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of $\text{HOCN}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 38E

Electron dot structure of $\text{HOCN}$ is shown below.

The structural formula of $\text{HOCN}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In a molecule $\text{HOCN}$, carbon is attached to nitrogen atom. Carbon has four valence electrons in its outermost shell. Nitrogen has $5$ electrons in the outermost shell. In $\text{HOCN}$, hydrogen is the the surrounding atom of oxygen atom. Valence electrons present in hydrogen is $1$ and valence electrons in oxygen atom is $6$. The hydrogen atom share its $1$ valence electron with oxygen to form a covalent bond. Carbon atom share its valence electron with nitrogen atom to form a triple bond. Total number of electrons present around the carbon atom are $8$. Bond between carbon and the oxygen atom is also a covalent bond. An electron dot structure and structural formula of $\text{HOCN}$ is shown below in Figure 7 and 8 respectively.

Figure 7

Figure 8

Each solid line, in Figure 8, between the oxygen-hydrogen, carbon-oxygen and carbon –nitrogen is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the two atoms present in that bond. Lone pair of oxygen and nitrogen is shown with $4$ and $2$ dots respectively in Figure 8.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of $\text{HOCN}$ is shown above in Figure 7 and Figure 8.