In bacteriophages and bacteria, the DNA is almost always organized into circular (closed loops) chromosomes. Phage λ is an exception, maintaining its DNA in a linear chromosome within the viral particle. However, as soon as this DNA is injected into a host cell, it circularizes before replication begins. What advantage exists in replicating circular DNA molecules compared to linear molecules, characteristic of eukaryotic chromosomes? HINT: This problem involves cm understanding of eukaryotic DNA replication , as discussed earlier in the text ( see Chapter 11 ). The key to its solution is to consider why the enzyme telomerase is essential in eukaryotic DNA replication, and why bacterial and viral chromosomes can be replicated without encountering the “telomere” problem.

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1NST

In bacteriophages and bacteria, the DNA is almost always organized into circular (closed loops) chromosomes. Phage λ is an exception, maintaining its DNA in a linear chromosome within the viral particle. However, as soon as this DNA is injected into a host cell, it circularizes before replication begins. What advantage exists in replicating circular DNA molecules compared to linear molecules, characteristic of eukaryotic chromosomes?

HINT: This problem involves cm understanding of eukaryotic DNA replication, as discussed earlier in the text (see Chapter 11). The key to its solution is to consider why the enzyme telomerase is essential in eukaryotic DNA replication, and why bacterial and viral chromosomes can be replicated without encountering the “telomere” problem.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The advantages of replication of DNA in a circular form compared to the linear form.

Introduction: In almost all the organisms, DNA is the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next. Depending on the species, DNA exists as a linear or circular molecule. In bacterial species, almost always, DNA is present as a circular chromosome. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.

Explanation of Solution

In bacterial species, DNA is mostly present in circular form rather than linear form. Circular DNA serves certain advantages over the linear form. Some of the advantages of circular DNA over linear DNA are as follows:

Circular DNA molecules are more stable compared to the linear molecules.
End regions of linear DNA are more prone to degradation by intracellular enzymes.
Linear DNA molecules have an unprotected OH group. This increases the chances of chemical degradation of linear DNA molecules.
Circular DNA does not show DNA loss, as seen in linear DNA molecules. Linear DNA has telomerase, which shortens after every cell cycle.

Conclusion

Thus, circular DNA is more advantageous than linear DNA because it is more stable than the linear DNA molecules.

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A major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence of a nucleus. What advantages and disadvantages may occur with having a cell’s genome packaged in a nucleus?

DNA polymerase occasionally incorporates the wrong nucleotide during DNA replication. If left unrepaired, the base-pair mismatch that results will lead to mutation in the next replication. As part of a template strand, the incorporated wrong base will direct the incorporation of a base complementary to itself, so the bases on both strands of the DNA at that position will now be different from what they were before the mismatch event. The MM-minus strain of yeast does not have a functional mismatch excision repair system, but it has normal base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair systems. Which of the following statements is correct about differences in the mutation spectrum between MMR-minus and wildtype yeast? More than one answer is correct. (a) More point mutations will arise in MMR-minus yeast. Fewer point mutations will arise in MMR-minus yeast as compared with wildtype. (b) Of the total point mutations that do occur, the fraction in which G is replaced by C will be…

DNA polymerase occasionally incorporates the wrong nucleotide during DNA replication. If left unrepaired, the base-pair mismatch that results will lead to mutation in the next replication. As part of a template strand, the incorporated wrong base will direct the incorporation of a base complementary to itself, so the bases on both strands of the DNA at that position will now be different from what they were before the mismatch event. The MER-minus strain of yeast does not have a functional mismatch excision repair system, but it has normal base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair systems. Which of the following statements is correct about differences in the mutation spectrum between MER-minus and wildtype yeast? More than one answer is correct. Options: More point mutations will arise in MER-minus yeast. Fewer point mutations will arise in MER-minus yeast as compared with wildtype. Of the total point mutations that…

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1NST

In bacteriophages and bacteria, the DNA is almost always organized into circular (closed loops) chromosomes. Phage λ is an exception, maintaining its DNA in a linear chromosome within the viral particle. However, as soon as this DNA is injected into a host cell, it circularizes before replication begins. What advantage exists in replicating circular DNA molecules compared to linear molecules, characteristic of eukaryotic chromosomes?

HINT: This problem involves cm understanding of eukaryotic DNA replication, as discussed earlier in the text (see Chapter 11). The key to its solution is to consider why the enzyme telomerase is essential in eukaryotic DNA replication, and why bacterial and viral chromosomes can be replicated without encountering the “telomere” problem.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The advantages of replication of DNA in a circular form compared to the linear form.

Introduction: In almost all the organisms, DNA is the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next. Depending on the species, DNA exists as a linear or circular molecule. In bacterial species, almost always, DNA is present as a circular chromosome. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.

Explanation of Solution

In bacterial species, DNA is mostly present in circular form rather than linear form. Circular DNA serves certain advantages over the linear form. Some of the advantages of circular DNA over linear DNA are as follows:

Circular DNA molecules are more stable compared to the linear molecules.
End regions of linear DNA are more prone to degradation by intracellular enzymes.
Linear DNA molecules have an unprotected OH group. This increases the chances of chemical degradation of linear DNA molecules.
Circular DNA does not show DNA loss, as seen in linear DNA molecules. Linear DNA has telomerase, which shortens after every cell cycle.

Conclusion

Thus, circular DNA is more advantageous than linear DNA because it is more stable than the linear DNA molecules.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1NST

In bacteriophages and bacteria, the DNA is almost always organized into circular (closed loops) chromosomes. Phage λ is an exception, maintaining its DNA in a linear chromosome within the viral particle. However, as soon as this DNA is injected into a host cell, it circularizes before replication begins. What advantage exists in replicating circular DNA molecules compared to linear molecules, characteristic of eukaryotic chromosomes?

HINT: This problem involves cm understanding of eukaryotic DNA replication, as discussed earlier in the text (see Chapter 11). The key to its solution is to consider why the enzyme telomerase is essential in eukaryotic DNA replication, and why bacterial and viral chromosomes can be replicated without encountering the “telomere” problem.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The advantages of replication of DNA in a circular form compared to the linear form.

Introduction: In almost all the organisms, DNA is the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next. Depending on the species, DNA exists as a linear or circular molecule. In bacterial species, almost always, DNA is present as a circular chromosome. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.

Explanation of Solution

In bacterial species, DNA is mostly present in circular form rather than linear form. Circular DNA serves certain advantages over the linear form. Some of the advantages of circular DNA over linear DNA are as follows:

Circular DNA molecules are more stable compared to the linear molecules.
End regions of linear DNA are more prone to degradation by intracellular enzymes.
Linear DNA molecules have an unprotected OH group. This increases the chances of chemical degradation of linear DNA molecules.
Circular DNA does not show DNA loss, as seen in linear DNA molecules. Linear DNA has telomerase, which shortens after every cell cycle.

Conclusion

Thus, circular DNA is more advantageous than linear DNA because it is more stable than the linear DNA molecules.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1NST

In bacteriophages and bacteria, the DNA is almost always organized into circular (closed loops) chromosomes. Phage λ is an exception, maintaining its DNA in a linear chromosome within the viral particle. However, as soon as this DNA is injected into a host cell, it circularizes before replication begins. What advantage exists in replicating circular DNA molecules compared to linear molecules, characteristic of eukaryotic chromosomes?

HINT: This problem involves cm understanding of eukaryotic DNA replication, as discussed earlier in the text (see Chapter 11). The key to its solution is to consider why the enzyme telomerase is essential in eukaryotic DNA replication, and why bacterial and viral chromosomes can be replicated without encountering the “telomere” problem.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The advantages of replication of DNA in a circular form compared to the linear form.

Introduction: In almost all the organisms, DNA is the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next. Depending on the species, DNA exists as a linear or circular molecule. In bacterial species, almost always, DNA is present as a circular chromosome. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.

Explanation of Solution

In bacterial species, DNA is mostly present in circular form rather than linear form. Circular DNA serves certain advantages over the linear form. Some of the advantages of circular DNA over linear DNA are as follows:

Circular DNA molecules are more stable compared to the linear molecules.
End regions of linear DNA are more prone to degradation by intracellular enzymes.
Linear DNA molecules have an unprotected OH group. This increases the chances of chemical degradation of linear DNA molecules.
Circular DNA does not show DNA loss, as seen in linear DNA molecules. Linear DNA has telomerase, which shortens after every cell cycle.

Conclusion

Thus, circular DNA is more advantageous than linear DNA because it is more stable than the linear DNA molecules.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The advantages of replication of DNA in a circular form compared to the linear form.

Introduction: In almost all the organisms, DNA is the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next. Depending on the species, DNA exists as a linear or circular molecule. In bacterial species, almost always, DNA is present as a circular chromosome. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.

Explanation of Solution

In bacterial species, DNA is mostly present in circular form rather than linear form. Circular DNA serves certain advantages over the linear form. Some of the advantages of circular DNA over linear DNA are as follows:

Circular DNA molecules are more stable compared to the linear molecules.
End regions of linear DNA are more prone to degradation by intracellular enzymes.
Linear DNA molecules have an unprotected OH group. This increases the chances of chemical degradation of linear DNA molecules.
Circular DNA does not show DNA loss, as seen in linear DNA molecules. Linear DNA has telomerase, which shortens after every cell cycle.

Conclusion

Thus, circular DNA is more advantageous than linear DNA because it is more stable than the linear DNA molecules.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The advantages of replication of DNA in a circular form compared to the linear form.

Introduction: In almost all the organisms, DNA is the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next. Depending on the species, DNA exists as a linear or circular molecule. In bacterial species, almost always, DNA is present as a circular chromosome. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.

Explanation of Solution

In bacterial species, DNA is mostly present in circular form rather than linear form. Circular DNA serves certain advantages over the linear form. Some of the advantages of circular DNA over linear DNA are as follows:

Circular DNA molecules are more stable compared to the linear molecules.
End regions of linear DNA are more prone to degradation by intracellular enzymes.
Linear DNA molecules have an unprotected OH group. This increases the chances of chemical degradation of linear DNA molecules.
Circular DNA does not show DNA loss, as seen in linear DNA molecules. Linear DNA has telomerase, which shortens after every cell cycle.

Conclusion

Thus, circular DNA is more advantageous than linear DNA because it is more stable than the linear DNA molecules.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To explain: The advantages of replication of DNA in a circular form compared to the linear form.

Introduction: In almost all the organisms, DNA is the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next. Depending on the species, DNA exists as a linear or circular molecule. In bacterial species, almost always, DNA is present as a circular chromosome. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

In bacterial species, DNA is mostly present in circular form rather than linear form. Circular DNA serves certain advantages over the linear form. Some of the advantages of circular DNA over linear DNA are as follows:

Circular DNA molecules are more stable compared to the linear molecules.
End regions of linear DNA are more prone to degradation by intracellular enzymes.
Linear DNA molecules have an unprotected OH group. This increases the chances of chemical degradation of linear DNA molecules.
Circular DNA does not show DNA loss, as seen in linear DNA molecules. Linear DNA has telomerase, which shortens after every cell cycle.