General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (11th Edition)
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780132931281
Author: Ralph H. Petrucci, F. Geoffrey Herring, Jeffry D. Madura, Carey Bissonnette
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 12, Problem 1E

For each of the following substances describe the importance of dispersion (London) forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding:

(a)HCl; (b) Br 2 ; (c) ICI; (d) HF; (e) CH 4 .

Expert Solution
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Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for HCl should be described.

Concept introduction:

There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.

Answer to Problem 1E

There are dipole-dipole interactions and dispersion forces between HCl molecules.

Explanation of Solution

HCl is a polar moleculebecause electronegativities of H and Cl are significantly different. Therefore, major intermolecular force present is dipole-dipole interactions. The dispersion forces are also present. There is no hydrogen bonding between HCl molecules as electronegativity of Cl is not sufficient to form hydrogen bonds.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for Br2 should be described.

Concept introduction:

There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.

Answer to Problem 1E

Only dispersion forces are present in Br2

Explanation of Solution

Br2 is a non-polar molecule therefore, it does not have permanent dipoles. No dipole-dipole interactions are present. But it can induce instantaneous dipoles and make dispersion forces. Br2 cannot formhydrogen bonding as there is no H atom present.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for ICl should be described.

Concept introduction:

There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.

Answer to Problem 1E

Dipole-dipole interactions and dispersion forces are present in ICl

Explanation of Solution

ICl is a polar molecule because electronegativities of I and Cl are significantly different. Therefore major intermolecular force present is dipole-dipole interactions. And dispersion forces are also present. There is no hydrogen bonding between ICl molecules due to absence of H atoms.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for HF should be described.

Concept introduction:

There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.

Answer to Problem 1E

Dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding are present in HF.

Explanation of Solution

HF is a polar molecule as the electronegativities of H and F are significantly different. Therefore dipole-dipole interactions are present and dispersion forces also can be seen. HF can form hydrogen bonds as H in one HF molecule can interact with F atom in another HF molecule due to electronegativity difference between H and F.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for CH4 should be described.

Concept introduction:

There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.

Answer to Problem 1E

Dispersion forces are present in CH4.

Explanation of Solution

CH4 is a non-polar molecule so, it does not have permanent dipoles. Thus, no dipole-dipole interactions present. But it can induce instantaneous dipoles leading to dispersion forces. CH4 cannot form hydrogen bonds.

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05:21

Chapter 12 Solutions

General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (11th Edition)

Ch. 12 - Silicone oils, such as H3C[SiO(CH2)2],Si(CH3) ,...Ch. 12 - Surface tension, viscosity, and vapor pressure are...Ch. 12 - Is there any scientific basis for the colloquial...Ch. 12 - A television commercial claims that a product...Ch. 12 - Prob. 15ECh. 12 - Prob. 16ECh. 12 - Prob. 17ECh. 12 - Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and mercury have...Ch. 12 - As a liquid evaporated from an open container, its...Ch. 12 - Prob. 20ECh. 12 - The enthalpy of vaporization of benzene, C6H6(l)...Ch. 12 - A vapor volume of 1.17 L forms when a sample of...Ch. 12 - Use data from the Integrative Example (page 566)...Ch. 12 - How much heat is required to raise the temperature...Ch. 12 - How many liters of CH4(g) , measured at 23.4 °C...Ch. 12 - A 50.0 g piece of iron at 152°C is dropped into...Ch. 12 - From Figure 12-18, estimate (a) the vapor pressure...Ch. 12 - Prob. 28ECh. 12 - Equilibrium is established between Br2(l) and...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30ECh. 12 - A double boiler is used when a careful control of...Ch. 12 - One popular demonstration in chemistry labs is...Ch. 12 - Pressure cookers achieve a high cooking...Ch. 12 - Prob. 34ECh. 12 - A 25.0 L volume of He(g) at 30.0°C is passed...Ch. 12 - A 7.53 L sample of N2 (g) at 742 mmHg and 45.0 °C...Ch. 12 - Prob. 37ECh. 12 - A 10.0 g sample of liquid water is sealed in a...Ch. 12 - Cyclohexanol has a vapor pressure of 10.0 mmHg at...Ch. 12 - Prob. 40ECh. 12 - Prob. 41ECh. 12 - Prob. 42ECh. 12 - Benzaldehyde, C2H2CHO , has a normal boiling point...Ch. 12 - With reference to Figure 12-20, which is the more...Ch. 12 - Which substances listed in Table 12.6 can exist as...Ch. 12 - Prob. 46ECh. 12 - The normal melting point of copper is 1357 K, and...Ch. 12 - An ice calorimeter measures quantities of heat by...Ch. 12 - An 80.0 g piece of dry ice, CO2 (s), is placed in...Ch. 12 - Sketch a plausible phase diagram for hydrazine...Ch. 12 - Shown here is a portion of the phase diagram for...Ch. 12 - Prob. 52ECh. 12 - Prob. 53ECh. 12 - Prob. 54ECh. 12 - Use appropriate phase diagrams data from Table...Ch. 12 - Prob. 56ECh. 12 - To an insulated container with 100.0 g H2O(l) at...Ch. 12 - A 54 cm2 ice cube at 25.0 °C is added to a...Ch. 12 - Prob. 59ECh. 12 - Prob. 60ECh. 12 - Prob. 61ECh. 12 - Prob. 62ECh. 12 - Silicon carbide, SiC, crystallizes in a form...Ch. 12 - Prob. 64ECh. 12 - Prob. 65ECh. 12 - Use Coulomb's law (see Appendix B) to verify the...Ch. 12 - The hardness of crystals is rated based on Mohs...Ch. 12 - Will the mineral villaumite (NaF) or periclase...Ch. 12 - Prob. 69ECh. 12 - Prob. 70ECh. 12 - Consider the two-dimensional lattice shown here....Ch. 12 - As we saw in Section 12-6, stacking spheres always...Ch. 12 - Tungsten has a body-centered cubic crystal...Ch. 12 - Magnesium crystallizes in the hcp arrangement...Ch. 12 - Polonium (Po) is the only element known to take on...Ch. 12 - Prob. 76ECh. 12 - Silicon tetrafluoride molecules are arranged in a...Ch. 12 - Two views, a top and side view, for the unit cell...Ch. 12 - Show that the unit cells for CaF2 and TiO2 in...Ch. 12 - Prob. 80ECh. 12 - The crystal structure of magnesium oxide, MgO, is...Ch. 12 - Potassium chloride has the same crystal structure...Ch. 12 - Prob. 83ECh. 12 - Use data from Figure 9-9 to predict the type of...Ch. 12 - Without doing calculations, indicate how you would...Ch. 12 - Determine the lattice energy of KF(s) from the...Ch. 12 - Refer to Example 12-12. Together with data given...Ch. 12 - Prob. 88ECh. 12 - Prob. 89IAECh. 12 - Prob. 90IAECh. 12 - Prob. 91IAECh. 12 - Use the following data and data from Appendix D to...Ch. 12 - Prob. 93IAECh. 12 - Prob. 94IAECh. 12 - Because solid p-dichlorobenzene, C6H4CI2 ,...Ch. 12 - A 1.05 mol sample of H2O(g) is compressed into a...Ch. 12 - Prob. 97IAECh. 12 - By the method used to graph Figure 12-20, plot In...Ch. 12 - Prob. 99IAECh. 12 - Prob. 100IAECh. 12 - Prob. 101IAECh. 12 - Prob. 102IAECh. 12 - In acetic acid vapor, some molecules exist as...Ch. 12 - Prob. 104IAECh. 12 - Sketched here are two hypothetical phase diagrams...Ch. 12 - Prob. 106IAECh. 12 - The triple point temperature of bismuth is 544.5 K...Ch. 12 - The crystal structure of lithium sulfide ( Li2S ),...Ch. 12 - Refer to Figure 12-44 and Figure 12-48. Suppose...Ch. 12 - Prob. 110IAECh. 12 - One way to describe ionic crystal structures is in...Ch. 12 - Prob. 112IAECh. 12 - The enthalpy of formation of Nal(s) is 288 kJ...Ch. 12 - Prob. 114IAECh. 12 - A crystalline solid contains three types of ions,...Ch. 12 - A certain mineral has a cubic unit cell with...Ch. 12 - Prob. 117IAECh. 12 - In some barbecue grills the electric lighter...Ch. 12 - Prob. 119IAECh. 12 - Prob. 120IAECh. 12 - Intermolecular forces play vital and varied roles...Ch. 12 - Prob. 122FPCh. 12 - Prob. 123FPCh. 12 - All solids contain defects or imperfections of...Ch. 12 - In an ionic crystal lattice each cation will be...Ch. 12 - Prob. 126FPCh. 12 - Prob. 127FPCh. 12 - Prob. 128SAECh. 12 - Briefly describe each of the following phenomena...Ch. 12 - Explain the important distinctions between each...Ch. 12 - Prob. 131SAECh. 12 - Prob. 132SAECh. 12 - Prob. 133SAECh. 12 - Prob. 134SAECh. 12 - Prob. 135SAECh. 12 - Prob. 136SAECh. 12 - Prob. 137SAECh. 12 - Prob. 138SAECh. 12 - Prob. 139SAECh. 12 - Prob. 140SAECh. 12 - Prob. 141SAECh. 12 - Prob. 142SAECh. 12 - Prob. 143SAECh. 12 - Prob. 144SAECh. 12 - The following data are given for CCl4 . Normal...Ch. 12 - The fcc unit cell is a cube with atoms at each of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 147SAECh. 12 - Prob. 148SAECh. 12 - Prob. 149SAECh. 12 - Prob. 150SAECh. 12 - In the lithium iodide crystal, the Li—l distance...Ch. 12 - Prob. 152SAECh. 12 - Prob. 153SAECh. 12 - Prob. 154SAECh. 12 - Construct a concept map showing the ideas...
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