The oxidizing or reducing agents that would be used to carry out each of the given transformation is to be determined. Concept introduction: Swern oxidation reaction converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones respectfully. The catalyst is a mixture of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in an organic base like triethylamine. Reduction of carbonyl compounds to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating carbonyl compounds with lithium aluminum hydride ( LiAlH 4 ) . Sodium borohydride ( NaBH 4 ) can be also used to reduce carbonyl groups to alcohols but it can reduce only aldehydes or ketones. Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by using chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved since there are no hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen to be removed. Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid, and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions. Potassium permanganate: It is a strong oxidation agent that converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium. When oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols or form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen atom attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing or reducing agents that would be used to carry out each of the given transformation is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Swern oxidation reaction converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones respectfully. The catalyst is a mixture of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in an organic base like triethylamine.

Reduction of carbonyl compounds to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating carbonyl compounds with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) can be also used to reduce carbonyl groups to alcohols but it can reduce only aldehydes or ketones.

Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by using chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved since there are no hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen to be removed.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid, and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.

Potassium permanganate: It is a strong oxidation agent that converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.

When oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols or form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen atom attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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For each reaction below, decide if the first stable organic product that forms in solution will create a new CC bond, and check the appropriate box. Next, for each reaction to which you answered "Yes" to in the table, draw this product in the drawing area below. Note for advanced students: for this problem, don't worry if you think this product will continue to react under the current conditions - just focus on the first stable product you expect to form in solution. ? Will the first MgBr product that forms in this reaction create a new CC bond? olo ? OH جمله O Yes Ⓒ No MgCl ? Will the first product that forms in this reaction create a new CC bond? Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Yes No X ☐ : ☐ टे PH

Assign all the protons

PROPOSE REACTION MECHANISM FOR ACID-CATALYZED REACTION OF 3-PENTANONE WITH DIMETHYLAMINE

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing or reducing agents that would be used to carry out each of the given transformation is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Swern oxidation reaction converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones respectfully. The catalyst is a mixture of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in an organic base like triethylamine.

Reduction of carbonyl compounds to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating carbonyl compounds with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) can be also used to reduce carbonyl groups to alcohols but it can reduce only aldehydes or ketones.

Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by using chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved since there are no hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen to be removed.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid, and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.

Potassium permanganate: It is a strong oxidation agent that converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.

When oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols or form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen atom attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing or reducing agents that would be used to carry out each of the given transformation is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Swern oxidation reaction converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones respectfully. The catalyst is a mixture of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in an organic base like triethylamine.

Reduction of carbonyl compounds to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating carbonyl compounds with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) can be also used to reduce carbonyl groups to alcohols but it can reduce only aldehydes or ketones.

Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by using chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved since there are no hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen to be removed.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid, and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.

Potassium permanganate: It is a strong oxidation agent that converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.

When oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols or form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen atom attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction