(a) Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes , the one which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified. Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane . Higher the stability of an alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation. In cis-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on same side of the ring. In trans-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on the opposite sides of ring.

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Answer 1

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Chapter 12, Problem 12.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, the one which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of an alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation. In cis-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on same side of the ring. In trans-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on the opposite sides of ring.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, alkene which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation.

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The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, the one which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of an alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation. In cis-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on same side of the ring. In trans-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on the opposite sides of ring.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, alkene which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, the one which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of an alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation. In cis-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on same side of the ring. In trans-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on the opposite sides of ring.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, alkene which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, the one which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of an alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation. In cis-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on same side of the ring. In trans-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on the opposite sides of ring.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, alkene which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 12.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, the one which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of an alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation. In cis-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on same side of the ring. In trans-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on the opposite sides of ring.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, alkene which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 12.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, the one which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of an alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation. In cis-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on same side of the ring. In trans-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on the opposite sides of ring.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 12.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, the one which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of an alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation. In cis-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on same side of the ring. In trans-isomer, the atom or groups attached to a ring are on the opposite sides of ring.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, alkene which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among the given pair of alkenes, alkene which has larger heat of hydrogenation is to be identified.

Concept introduction: Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature due to the fact that the bonds are stronger in product than in reactant. Heat of hydrogenation can be used as measure for relative stability of alkenes when they are reduced to same alkane. Higher the stability of alkene, lower is the heat of hydrogenation.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.1P Ch. 12 - Problem 12.2 What alkane is formed when each...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.3P Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.4P Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.5P Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.6P Ch. 12 - Compound Molecular formula before...Ch. 12 - Problem 12.8 Draw the products formed when...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.9P Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.10P

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