Concept explainers
The study described in the paper ‘‘Marketing Actions Can Modulate Neural Representation of Experienced Pleasantness” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [2008]: 1050-1054) investigated whether price affects people’s judgment.
Twenty people each tasted six cabernet sauvignon wines and rated how they liked them on a scale of 1 to 6. Prior to tasting each wine, participants were told the price of the wine. Of the six wines tasted, two were actually the same wine, but for one tasting the participant was told that the wine cost $10 per bottle and for the other tasting the participant was told that the wine cost $90 per bottle. The participants were randomly assigned either to taste the $90 wine first and the $10 wine second, or the $10 wine first and the $90 wine second.
Differences were calculated by subtracting the rating for the tasting in which the participant thought the wine cost $10 from the rating for the tasting in which the participant thought the wine cost $90. The differences that follow are consistent with summary' quantities given in the paper. Difference ($90 – $10)
Carry out a hypothesis test to determine if the
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis
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- Independent t: The Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) enlisted the help of a social psychology professor to design a study to see if the attractiveness of the driving instructor affected the performance of young drivers. Thirty 16-year-olds going to take the driving exam were randomly assigned to an attractive or unattractive driving instructor. For 20 of the drivers, the instructor was very attractive; for the other 10 drivers, the instructor was rated as being very unattractive. A panel of judges rated the performance of the two groups, and the mean performance ratings for the 16-year-olds with attractive instructors was 4.3 (S = .86) and with unattractive instructors, the mean was 5.4 (S = 1.30). Using the .05 significance level, did the attractiveness levels of the driving instructor affect driving performance? Use the five steps of hypothesis testing. Sketch the distributions involved. Figure the effect size. Interpret your result placing it back into the context of the…arrow_forwardAn advertising agency has been hired by a manufacturer of pens to develop an advertising campaign for the upcoming holiday season. To prepare for this project, the research director decides to initiate a study of the effect of advertising on product perception. An experiment is designed to compare five different advertisements. 5 Advertisement A: greatly undersells the pen's characteristics. Advertisement B: slightly undersells the pen's characteristics. Advertisement C: slightly oversells the pen's characteristics. Advertisement D: greatly oversells the pen's characteristics. Advertisement E: attempts to correctly stat the pen's characteristics. A sample of 25 adults respondents, taken from a larger focus group, is randomly assigned to the five advertisements (so that there are five respondents to each). After reading the advertisement and developing a sense of "product expectation," all respondents unknowingly receive the same pen to evaluate. The respondents are permitted to test…arrow_forwardA study by a reputable research group captured multitasking activities of adults who use different devices while watching TV. The study reported that 320 of 442 (72%) smartphone users sampled, 192 of 350 (55%)computer users sampled, and 139 of 260 (53%) tablet users sampled used their device to check social media unrelated to the video content while watching TV. Complete parts (a) through (c) below. a. Is there evidence of a significant difference among the smartphone, computer, and tablet users with respect to the proportion who use their device to check social media unrelated to the video content while watching TV? (Use α=0.10.) The test statistic is χ2STAT= Find X2STAT Please show me the process of how you find this.arrow_forward
- A study by a reputable research group captured multitasking activities of adults who use different devices while watching TV. The study reported that 320 of 442 (72%) smartphone users sampled, 192 of 350 (55%) computer users sampled, and 139 of 260 (53%)tablet users sampled used their device to check social media unrelated to the video content while watching TV. Complete parts (a) through (c) below. a. Is there evidence of a significant difference among the smartphone, computer, and tablet users with respect to the proportion who use their device to check social media unrelated to the video content while watching TV? (Use α=0.10.) Your answer is correct. The test statistic is χ2STAT=35.860 The critical value for α=0.10 Please help and explain how to achieve critical valuearrow_forwardA personality study on university students was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that extroverts have lower grades than introverts. Fifteen students completed a questionnaire that classified them as "extroverts", "average", "introverts". Overall grade point averages on a 5 point scale were reported and the following data were obtained: Group 2 (Average) Group 1 (Introverts) 3 2 Group 3 (Extroverts) 3 2 1 4 15 2 3 3 Test the hypothesis at the 5% significance level (a = 0.05) using the 5-step hypothesis testing procedure (show ALL steps). Make sure to clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses in formal symbol notation (or in words if formal symbol notation is not appropriate). Show your work. Show the formula and all steps of the calculations and not just the final answer. Round all values to 2 decimal places. If ANOVA is the appropriate test, you must show the complete ANOVA summary table.arrow_forwardDo people feel hungrier after sampling a healthy food? The authors of a consumer research paper carried out a study to answer this question. They randomly assigned volunteers into one of three groups. The people in the first group were asked to taste a snack that was described as a new health bar containing high levels of protein, vitamins, and fiber. The people in the second group were asked to taste the same snack but were told it was a tasty chocolate bar with a raspberry center. After tasting the snack, participants were asked to rate their hunger level on a scale from 1 (not at all hungry) to 7 (very hungry). The people in the third group were asked to rate their hunger but were not given a snack. The data in the table are consistent with summary quantities given in the paper (although the sample sizes in the actual study were larger). Treatment Group Healthy Tasty 5 8 7 Hunger Rating No Snack 3 4 4 4 1 4 2 7 3 6 2 5 6 5 5 4 7 5 2 3 4 6 4 4 Sample Mean 5.6667 3.4444 4.2222 Sample…arrow_forward
- Do people feel hungrier after sampling a healthy food? The authors of a consumer research paper carried out a study to answer this question. They randomly assigned volunteers into one of three groups. The people in the first group were asked to taste a snack that was described as a new health bar containing high levels of protein, vitamins, and fiber. The people in the second group were asked to taste the same snack but were told it was a tasty chocolate bar with a raspberry center. After tasting the snack, participants were asked to rate their hunger level on a scale from 1 (not at all hungry) to 7 (very hungry). The people in the third group were asked to rate their hunger but were not given a snack. The data in the table are consistent with summary quantities given in the paper (although the sample sizes in the actual study were larger). TreatmentGroup Hunger Rating SampleMean SampleStandardDeviation Healthy 5 8 7 4 7 3 4 7 6 5.6667 1.7321 Tasty 4 1 5 2 6 2 5 3 4 3.5556…arrow_forwardBelow is data from a study examining the effects of two different psychotherapy treatments on self-esteem. Specifically, two different treatment types (treat1 and treat2) were compared to a waiting list control group in terms of increasing self-esteem; the main question concerned whether each separate therapy type was different from no treatment at all. The values shown below are the self-esteem scores for the participants in each group (higher values indicate greater self-esteem). a. What inferential test did you use? b. Using an alpha level of .05, determine whether there were any mean differences between the groups of interest?arrow_forwardYou are involved in a study of the relation between smoking and cholesterol concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), the following data were collected from samples of adult males who were non-smokers, light-smokers, moderate smokers and heavy smokers. Moderate Heavy Light Smokers Smokers Smokers Smokers Non- 12 9 5 3 10 8 4 11 7. 1 11 9 9 5 4 9 10 7 12 8 6 2 You wish to know if these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the four populations differ with respect to mean concentration of HDL-C. Let the probability of committing type I error be 0.05. If an overall significant difference is fount, determine which pair of individual sample means are significantly different.arrow_forward
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