Chapter 11, Problem 40P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products for the reactions(a) to (j)are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Substitution reaction occurs when an alcohol reacts with hydrogen halide.

The substitution reaction happens in acidic environment.

Strong acids such as $\text{HCl}$, ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ and ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}$ react with alcohols.

Diethyl ethers when heated with very strong acids such as $\text{HI}$, $\text{HBr}$ and ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ proceed with reactions where the carbon–oxygen bond breaks.

When a strong nucleophile such as an alkoxide or a hydroxide ion reacts with an epoxide ring, the later gets opened.

The reaction proceeds by ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism.

The attack of the alkoxide ion happens at the less hindered carbon atom.

Williamson synthesis is used for the preparation of unsymmetrical ethers.