EBK CONCEPTS OF GENETICS
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134818979
Author: Killian
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 11, Problem 1PDQ
HOW DOWE KNOW?
In this chapter, we focused on how DNA is replicated and synthesized. We also discussed recombination at the DNA level. Along the way, we encountered many opportunities to consider how this information was acquired. On the basis of these discussions, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions?
- (a) What is the experimental basis for concluding that DNA replicates semiconservatively in both bacteria and eukaryotes?
- (b) How was it demonstrated that DNA synthesis occurs under the direction of DNA polymerase III and not polymerase I?
- (c) How do we know that in vivo DNA synthesis occurs in the 5′ to 3′ direction?
- (d) How do we know that DNA synthesis is discontinuous on one of the two template strands?
- (e) What observations reveal that a “telomere problem” exists during eukaryotic
DNA replication , and how did we learn of the solution to this problem?
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With regard to Chargaff’s experiment described in Figure shown,answer the following:A. What is the purpose of paper chromatography?B. Explain why it is necessary to remove the bases in order todetermine the base composition of DNA.C. Would Chargaff’s experiments have been convincing if theyhad been done on DNA from only one species? Discuss.
This is a three part question:
Figure B in Box 4.1 illustrates the results of the Meselson-Stahl experiment after a single cycle of replication in 14N.
(a) Explain the results they observed after two rounds of replication in 14N medium.
(b) Draw out the expected results if a third round of replication were allowed in 14N medium.
(c) Two other models for template-directed replication were considered as alternatives to semi-conservative replication. One of these was conservative replication, in which the parental strands were unpaired, replicated, then reannealed such that the parental strands stayed together and the newly synthesized strands were together. The second model was dispersive replication, in which one strand was used as the template for polymerization, then the polymerase switched to using the other strand as the template, and subsequently switched back and forth between the two strands until bother were fully replicated. Each of these models is ruled out by one of your…
Suppose that E. coli synthesizes DNA at a rate of 100,000 nucleotides per minute and takes 40 minutes to replicate its chromosome. (a) How many base pairs are present in the entire E. coli chromosome? (b) What is the physical length of the chromosome in its helical configuration—that is, what is the circumference of the chromosome if it were opened into a circle?
Chapter 11 Solutions
EBK CONCEPTS OF GENETICS
Ch. 11 - In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, which of the...Ch. 11 - An alien organism was investigated. When DNA...Ch. 11 - Why might mutations in genes encoding telomerase...Ch. 11 - Although the brother is an immunologically matched...Ch. 11 - Prob. 3CSCh. 11 - HOW DOWE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on how...Ch. 11 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 11 - Compare conservative, semiconservative, and...Ch. 11 - Describe the role of 15N in the MeselsonStahl...Ch. 11 - Predict the results of the experiment by Taylor,...
Ch. 11 - What are the requirements for in vitro synthesis...Ch. 11 - In Kornbergs initial experiments, it was rumored...Ch. 11 - How did Kornberg assess the fidelity of DNA...Ch. 11 - Which characteristics of DNA polymerase I raised...Ch. 11 - Kornberg showed that nucleotides are added to the...Ch. 11 - What was the significance of the polA1 mutation?Ch. 11 - Summarize and compare the properties of DNA...Ch. 11 - List and describe the function of the ten subunits...Ch. 11 - Distinguish between (a) unidirectional and...Ch. 11 - List the proteins that unwind DNA during in vivo...Ch. 11 - Define and indicate the significance of (a)...Ch. 11 - Outline the current model for DNA synthesis.Ch. 11 - Why is DNA synthesis expected to be more complex...Ch. 11 - Suppose that E. coli synthesizes DNA at a rate of...Ch. 11 - Several temperature-sensitive mutant strains of E....Ch. 11 - While many commonly used antibiotics interfere...Ch. 11 - Describe the end-replication problem in...Ch. 11 - Many of the gene products involved in DNA...Ch. 11 - In 1994, telomerase activity was discovered in...Ch. 11 - The genome of D. melanogaster consists of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 26ESPCh. 11 - DNA polymerases in all organisms add only 5...Ch. 11 - Assume that the sequence of bases shown below is...Ch. 11 - Reiji and Tuneko Okazaki conducted a now classic...Ch. 11 - Consider the drawing of a dinucleotide below. (a)...Ch. 11 - To gauge the fidelity of DNA synthesis, Arthur...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- A temperature-sensitive mutation is one in which the defect is not presented functionally until the temperature is raised. In the case described below, the enzymes function normally in bacteria at 37 °C, but are non-functional at 40 °C. Predict the detailed molecular consequences of a loss of function in a temperature-sensitive mutant for each of the following enzymes: a) DNA gyrase, b) DNA polymerase III, c) DNA ligase, d) DNA polymerase I.arrow_forwardThe E. coli chromosome is 1.28 mm long. Under optimal conditions, thechromosome is replicated in 40 minutes.(a) What is the distance traversed by one replication fork in 1 minute?(b) If replicating DNA is in the B form (10.4 base pairs per turn), how manynucleotides are incorporated in 1 minute in one replication fork?(c) If cultured human cells (such as HeLa cells) replicate 1.2 m of DNAduring a five-hour S phase and at a rate of fork movement one-tenthof that seen in E. coli, how many origins of replication must the cellscontain?(d) What is the average distance, in kilobase pairs, between these origins?arrow_forwardMany of the gene products involved in DNA synthesis were initially defined by studying mutant E. coli strains that could not synthesize DNA. (a) The dnaE gene encodes the a subunit of DNA polymerase III. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene? How could the mutant strain be maintained? (b) The dnaQ gene encodes the e subunit of DNA polymerase. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene?arrow_forward
- The E. coli chromosome is 1.28 mm long. Under optimal conditions the chromosome is replicated in 40 minutes. (a) What is the distance traversed by one replication fork in 1 minute? (b) If replicating DNA is in the B form (10.4 base pairs per turn), how many nucleotides are incorporated in 1 minute in one replica- tion fork? (c) If cultured human cells (such as Hela cells) replicate 1.2 m of DNA during a 5-hour S phase and at a rate of fork movement one- tenth of that seen in E. coli, how many origins of replication must the cells contain? (d) What is the average distance, in kilobase pairs, between these origins?arrow_forwardDuring high stress environments, it has been found that some bacteria activate a genetic mechanism that allows them to incorporate more mutations into the DNA during replication. Would the following two enzymes be impacted by such a mechanism? In each case, provide a reason for your answer. i) DNA polymerase III ii) Helicasearrow_forwardplease do (i)arrow_forward
- please do (ii)arrow_forwardConsider the experiment conducted by Meselson and Stahl in which they used 14N and 15N in cultures of E. coli and equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. Draw pictures to represent the bands produced by bacterial DNA in the centrifuge tube before the switch to medium containing 14N and after one, two, and three rounds of replication in that medium. Use separate sets of drawings to show the bands that would appear if replication were (a) semiconservative; (b) conservative; (c) dispersive.arrow_forwardIf we are given this segment of DNA: TTGGHTGUTGG HHUUTHUGHUU Let’s suppose this DNA was treated with nitrous acid. The nitrous acid was then removed, and the DNA replicated for two generations. What would be the sequences of the DNA products after the DNA had replicated two times? (note Hypoxanthine pairs with cytosine) and so there would be four sets?arrow_forward
- a) If you isolated DNA from the ear and the tail of the same mouse, would you expect the DNA, isolated form the two tissue types, to be the same? Why? (2) b) Provide one difference between DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes with regards to their origin(s) of replication. (1) For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac). 14px E EY A Y BIVS Paragraph Arial ABC x² X2 ?次T Te 田田国王 用 图 +]arrow_forwardMany of the gene products involved in DNA synthesis wereinitially defined by studying mutant E. coli strains that could notsynthesize DNA. Question: The dnaE gene encodes the a subunit of DNA polymeraseIII. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene?How could the mutant strain be maintained?arrow_forwardA mixture of four a-[*p]-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates was added to permeabilized bacterial cells undergoing DNA replication in the presence of an RNA polymerase inhibitor, and incorporation into high-molecular- weight material was followed over time, as shown in the accompanying graph. After 10 minutes of incubation, a 1000-fold excess of unlabeled ribo- nucleoside triphosphates was added, with the results shown in the graph.arrow_forward
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