Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 11, Problem 16TYU
EVOLUTION LINK Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is based on four observations about the natural world. One of them is that each individual has a combination of traits that makes it uniquely different. Darwin recognized that much of this variation among individuals must be inherited, but he did not know about Mendel’s mechanism of inheritance. Based on what you have learned in this chapter, briefly explain the variation among individuals that Darwin observed.
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Darwin’s insights into the role of selection in evolution began with close observations of the enormous phenotypic variation among different pure-breeding varieties of domesticated pigeons. Study of varieties found in any domesticated species could provide similar insights. For comparison, we’d like to know what degree of phenotypic variation might be expected among the domesticated peas available to Mendel.d. In the F10 generation from the above hybrid, how many phenotypically distinguishable pure-breeding varieties could be observed? [part c was 2187]e. [Note: this one requires use of combinations; it is also a significantly more difficult problem.] Mendel began his work with pairs of varieties from the breeders that differed from each other in just one trait (corresponding to one gene difference, as we now know) out of the 7 traits he studied. These pairs could be obtained by self-pollinating an individual from an advanced generation that was pure-breeding for 6 of the traits but…
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Gregor Mendel never saw a gene, yet he concluded that some inherited factors were responsible for the patterns of inheritance he observed in peas. Similarly, maps of Drosophila chromosomes (and the very idea that genes are carried on chromosomes) were conceived by observing the patterns of inheritance of linked genes, not by observing the genes directly. Is it legitimate for biologists to claim the existence of objects and processes they cannot actually see? How do scientists know whether an explanation is correct?
Chapter 11 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 11.1 - Define the terms phenotype, genotype, locus,...Ch. 11.1 - Describe Mendels principles of segregation and...Ch. 11.1 - Distinguish among monohybrid, dihybrid, and test...Ch. 11.1 - Explain Mendels principles of segregation and...Ch. 11.1 - What is the maximum number of different alleles...Ch. 11.1 - Can Mendels principle of segregation be...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 3CCh. 11.2 - PREDICT Use the rules of probability to answer the...Ch. 11.2 - In answering the previous question, did you use...Ch. 11.3 - Define linkage and relate it to specific events in...
Ch. 11.3 - Show how data from a two-point test cross can be...Ch. 11.3 - Discuss the genetic determination of sex and the...Ch. 11.3 - What ratio of genotypes to phenotypes is observed...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 11.3 - CONNECT Two loci exhibit 5% recombination between...Ch. 11.3 - Which chromosome determines the male sex in humans...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 5CCh. 11.4 - Explain some of the ways genes may interact to...Ch. 11.4 - Distinguish among incomplete dominance,...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 11LOCh. 11.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 11.4 - What is the difference between multiple alleles...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 3CCh. 11.4 - Prob. 4CCh. 11 - One of the autosomal loci controlling eye color in...Ch. 11 - The F1 flies described in question 1 were mated...Ch. 11 - The type of cross described in question 2 is (a)...Ch. 11 - Individuals of genotype AaBb were crossed with...Ch. 11 - Assume that the ratio of females to males is 1:1....Ch. 11 - Redgreen color blindness is an X-linked recessive...Ch. 11 - When two long-winged flies were mated, the...Ch. 11 - The long hair of Persian cats is recessive to the...Ch. 11 - Mr. and Mrs. Smith are concerned because their own...Ch. 11 - A walnut comb rooster is mated to three hens. Hen...Ch. 11 - Individuals of genotype AaBb were mated to...Ch. 11 - Genes A and B are 6 map units apart, and A and C...Ch. 11 - VISUALIZE Sketch a series of diagrams showing each...Ch. 11 - Can you always ascertain an organisms genotype for...Ch. 11 - CONNECT Compare the mechanisms of genetic...Ch. 11 - EVOLUTION LINK Darwins theory of evolution by...Ch. 11 - INTERPRET DATA Using the graph in Figure 11-20,...
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- Darwin’s insights into the role of selection in evolution began with close observations of the enormous phenotypic variation among different pure-breeding varieties of domesticated pigeons. Study of varieties found in any domesticated species could provide similar insights. For comparison, we’d like to know what degree of phenotypic variation might be expected among the domesticated peas available to Mendel.a. Starting with an F1 hybrid heterozygous for phenotypically distinguishable allele pairs (one of which is completely dominant to the other) at 7 genes, how many different phenotypes would be expected in the F2 generation?b. It might take a large number of F2 individuals to observe all of these phenotypic combinations, depending on the frequency of the rarest phenotype. What is the expected rarest phenotype and what it its expected frequency among the F2 individuals?c. How many different phenotypes could have been observed in the F2 generation if all of the allele pairs of the 7…arrow_forwardCharles Darwin developed his theory of natural selection without understanding the nature of genetic inheritance. true or falsearrow_forwardGregor Mendel never saw a gene, yet he concluded that some inherited factors were responsible for the patterns of inheritance he observed in peas. Similarly maps of Drosophila chroma zones were conceived by observing the patterns of inheritance of linked genes, not by observing the genes directly. Is it legitimate for biologists to claim the existence of objects and processes they cannot actually see? How do scientists know whether an explanation is correct?arrow_forward
- Why are only inherited variations important in the evolutionary process? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardWOULD YOU HELP WITH BIOLOGYarrow_forwardYou are studying a new allele of the yellow gene in pea plants (the gene that in Mendel’s experiments gave green peas with the yy allele combination). You refer to this new allele as y2. When you look at y2y2 homozygotes, you find that 80% of the peas are some shade of green and of these green peas 50% of them are the same full green shade as Mendel’s original yy allele and 50% of them are a shade that is halfway between yellow and green. Discuss these properties in terms of expressivity and penetrance.”arrow_forward
- Genes and inheritance have an impact on the lives of parents and their progeny, the F1 and F2 generations. Population genetics also deals with genetics, but in a different way. What is the definition of population genetics? How can the abundance of an allele be different in a population as compared with an individual of the population? (Hint: How can the phenotype of a population differ from that of an individual? Can a population have red flowers, pink flowers, and white flowers? Can one individual have all three types of flowers?)arrow_forwardDescribe an ancient hypothesis that explains how traits are passed from parents to offspring. What is the modern concept that contradicts this hypothesis?arrow_forwardA scientist predicts that the kittens born with a congenital birth defect will be 25% based on the hypothesis that it is caused be a recessive gene in that breed of cat. After surveying several litters, he found that 44 out of 128 kittens had the defect. Is his hypothesis correct? Use Chi-Square to solvearrow_forward
- From your research, you discover that in this species of fish, the allele for black color is dominant to orange color. Based on this research, can you determine the genotype of a black fish just by looking at it? Why or why not? Yes, because the recessive allele must have been eliminated by the dominant one. Yes, because the phenotype always expresses all the alleles. No, because you do not know the DNA sequence. No, because it could be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous.arrow_forwardChoose one plsarrow_forwardSuppose the human trait for hair type is controlled by a simple dominant and recessive relationship at one locus. Curly hair, C, is the dominant allele, and straight hair, c, is the recessive allele. In a college genetics class, the professor takes a tally of students who have curly hair and of students with straight hair. In this class of 131 students, 52 have curly hair. Calculate the frequency of the dominant allele, C, and the heterozygous genotype, Cc. Express the frequencies in decimal form rounded to the nearest thousandth. Assume the class is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this trait. frequency of C: | frequency of Cc: about us careers privacy policy terms of use contact us helparrow_forward
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