Chapter 11, Problem 11.8EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

$\text{O}\text{s}$ would be radioactive or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

A unstable nucleus has more energy than that of a stable nucleus.  An atom possess an unstable nucleus can be identified by the emission of radiation that the unstable nucleus does.  The emission of radiation from an unstable nucleus is not induced.  It is a spontaneous one.

Nuclear stability depends upon the number of nucleons present in it.  There is a direct correlation between these two.  The nuclei with 84 or more protons are unstable.  This means the nuclei that contains 83 or less protons is stable.  The nucleus that contains 83 protons is Bismuth.  Bismuth ($\text{B}\text{i}$) has the mass number of 209.  This means the total number of nucleons present in bismuth is 209.  Therefore, the limit of nuclear stability is that there has to be a maximum of 209 nucleons in the nucleus of an atom.

If an atom has atomic number 84 or higher means then it is radioactive.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

$\text{R}\text{n}$ would be radioactive or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

A unstable nucleus has more energy than that of a stable nucleus.  An atom possess an unstable nucleus can be identified by the emission of radiation that the unstable nucleus does.  The emission of radiation from an unstable nucleus is not induced.  It is a spontaneous one.

Nuclear stability depends upon the number of nucleons present in it.  There is a direct correlation between these two.  The nuclei with 84 or more protons are unstable.  This means the nuclei that contains 83 or less protons is stable.  The nucleus that contains 83 protons is Bismuth.  Bismuth ($\text{B}\text{i}$) has the mass number of 209.  This means the total number of nucleons present in bismuth is 209.  Therefore, the limit of nuclear stability is that there has to be a maximum of 209 nucleons in the nucleus of an atom.

If an atom has atomic number 84 or higher means then it is radioactive.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

$\text{C}\text{m}$ would be radioactive or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

A unstable nucleus has more energy than that of a stable nucleus.  An atom possess an unstable nucleus can be identified by the emission of radiation that the unstable nucleus does.  The emission of radiation from an unstable nucleus is not induced.  It is a spontaneous one.

Nuclear stability depends upon the number of nucleons present in it.  There is a direct correlation between these two.  The nuclei with 84 or more protons are unstable.  This means the nuclei that contains 83 or less protons is stable.  The nucleus that contains 83 protons is Bismuth.  Bismuth ($\text{B}\text{i}$) has the mass number of 209.  This means the total number of nucleons present in bismuth is 209.  Therefore, the limit of nuclear stability is that there has to be a maximum of 209 nucleons in the nucleus of an atom.

If an atom has atomic number 84 or higher means then it is radioactive.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

$\text{S}\text{g}$ would be radioactive or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

A unstable nucleus has more energy than that of a stable nucleus.  An atom possess an unstable nucleus can be identified by the emission of radiation that the unstable nucleus does.  The emission of radiation from an unstable nucleus is not induced.  It is a spontaneous one.

Nuclear stability depends upon the number of nucleons present in it.  There is a direct correlation between these two.  The nuclei with 84 or more protons are unstable.  This means the nuclei that contains 83 or less protons is stable.  The nucleus that contains 83 protons is Bismuth.  Bismuth ($\text{B}\text{i}$) has the mass number of 209.  This means the total number of nucleons present in bismuth is 209.  Therefore, the limit of nuclear stability is that there has to be a maximum of 209 nucleons in the nucleus of an atom.

If an atom has atomic number 84 or higher means then it is radioactive.