Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays.  They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass.  Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process.  Due to this they have low penetrating power.  They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle.  They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity.  Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light.  With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones.  They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles.  Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle.  The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays.  They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass.  Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process.  Due to this they have low penetrating power.  They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle.  They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity.  Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light.  With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones.  They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles.  Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle.  The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays.  They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass.  Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process.  Due to this they have low penetrating power.  They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle.  They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity.  Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light.  With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones.  They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles.  Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle.  The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays.  They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass.  Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process.  Due to this they have low penetrating power.  They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle.  They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity.  Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light.  With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones.  They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles.  Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle.  The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.