(a) Interpretation: The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn. Concept introduction: The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4 . It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Question

A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

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A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. :0: :0 H. 0:0 :0: :6: S: :0: Select to Edit Arrows ::0 Select to Edit Arrows H :0: H :CI: Rotation Select to Edit Arrows H. < :0: :0: :0: S:

3:48 PM Fri Apr 4 K Problem 4 of 10 Submit Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. Mg. :0: Select to Add Arrows :0: :Br: Mg :0: :0: Select to Add Arrows Mg. Br: :0: 0:0- Br -190 H 0:0 Select to Add Arrows Select to Add Arrows neutralizing workup H CH3

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of carbon atom is 4. It requires 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Carbon atom can complete its octet by sharing electrons with four atoms. Therefore, carbon atom can form maximum of four bonds with other atoms.

Answer 14

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Answer 25

Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.1E Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.2E Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.3E Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.4E Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.5E Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.6E Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.7E Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.8E Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.9E Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.10E

Solution Summary: The author explains the complete structure formed by adding hydrogen atoms where needed is shown in Figure 1.

Chapter 11 Solutions