Erythrocytes are red blood cells containing hemoglobin. In a saline solution they shrivel when the salt concentration is high and swell when the salt concentration is low. In a 25°C aqueous solution of NaCl, whose freezing point is −0.406°C, erythrocytes neither swell nor shrink. If we want to calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution inside the erythrocytes under these conditions, what do we need to assume? Why? Estimate how good (or poor) of an assumption this is. Make this assumption and calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution inside the erythrocytes.
Erythrocytes are red blood cells containing hemoglobin. In a saline solution they shrivel when the salt concentration is high and swell when the salt concentration is low. In a 25°C aqueous solution of NaCl, whose freezing point is −0.406°C, erythrocytes neither swell nor shrink. If we want to calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution inside the erythrocytes under these conditions, what do we need to assume? Why? Estimate how good (or poor) of an assumption this is. Make this assumption and calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution inside the erythrocytes.
Solution Summary: The author explains the osmotic pressure of the solution inside erythrocytes.
Erythrocytes are red blood cells containing hemoglobin. In a saline solution they shrivel when the salt concentration is high and swell when the salt concentration is low. In a 25°C aqueous solution of NaCl, whose freezing point is −0.406°C, erythrocytes neither swell nor shrink. If we want to calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution inside the erythrocytes under these conditions, what do we need to assume? Why? Estimate how good (or poor) of an assumption this is. Make this assumption and calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution inside the erythrocytes.
Draw e arrows between the following resonance structures:
a)
b)
: 0:
:0:
c) :0:
N
t
: 0:
بار
N
Draw the major substitution products you would expect for the reaction shown below. If substitution would not occur at a significant
rate under these conditions, check the box underneath the drawing area instead.
Be sure you use wedge and dash bonds where necessary, for example to distinguish between major products.
Note for advanced students: you can assume that the reaction mixture is heated mildly, somewhat above room temperature, but
strong heat or reflux is not used.
Cl
Substitution will not occur at a significant rate.
Explanation
Check
:☐
O-CH
+
Х
Click and drag to start
drawing a structure.
Draw the major substitution products you would expect for the reaction shown below. If substitution would not occur at a significant
rate under these conditions, check the box underneath the drawing area instead.
Be sure you use wedge and dash bonds where necessary, for example to distinguish between major products.
Note for advanced students: you can assume that the reaction mixture is heated mildly, somewhat above room temperature, but
strong heat or reflux is not used.
Cl
C
O Substitution will not occur at a significant rate.
Explanation
Check
+
O-CH3
Х
Click and drag to start
drawing a structure.
Chapter 10 Solutions
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