Chapter 10, Problem 34PE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The valence electrons of Nitrogen have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Valence electrons:

Valence shell is the outermost shell of an every element.  Atom of every element has different electronic configurations based on the atomic number of each element.  Valence electrons are those electrons that located in the outermost shell surrounding an atomic nucleus.

Example: Sodium

The atomic number of sodium is $\text{11}\text{.}$

The electronic configuration of sodium is ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{1}}\text{.}$

The outermost shell (valence shell) is $\text{3s}\text{.}$

The valence electron is one.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The valence electrons of Phosphorus have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The valence electrons of Oxygen have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The valence electrons of Barium have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The valence electrons of Aluminium have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).