Chapter 10, Problem 12PE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration of lithium has to be given.

The given orbital diagram is,

  $\begin{array}{cc}\text{Li}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \end{array}$

Concept Introduction:

Aufbau’s principle:

Aufbau’s principle states that electrons are filled into atomic orbitals in the increasing order of orbital energy level.  According to the Aufbau principle the available atomic orbitals with the lowest energy levels are occupied before those with higher energy levels.

Figure 1

Explanation of Solution

The given orbital diagram is,

  $\begin{array}{cc}\text{Li}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \end{array}$

Lithium is a chemical element with chemical symbol $\text{Li}$ and the atomic number of Lithium is $3.$ The electronic configuration of Lithium is ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^1\text{.}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration of phosphorous has to be given.

The given orbital diagram is,

$\text{P}\begin{array}{cc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow & \uparrow & \uparrow \end{array}$

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The given orbital diagram is,

$\text{P}\begin{array}{cc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow & \uparrow & \uparrow \end{array}$

The electronic configuration of Phosphorous is ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^3\text{.}$  Phosphorous has two electrons in the first energy level, eight electrons in the second energy, and five electrons in the third energy level.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration of zinc has to be given.

The given orbital diagram is,

$\text{Zn}\begin{array}{cc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \begin{array}{c}\uparrow \downarrow \begin{array}{ccccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \end{array}\end{array}\end{array}$

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The given orbital diagram is,

  $\text{Zn}\begin{array}{cc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \begin{array}{c}\uparrow \downarrow \begin{array}{ccccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\end{array}\end{array}$

The electronic configuration of Zinc is ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^2.$  Zinc has two electrons in the first energy level, eight electrons in the second energy, eighteen electrons in the third energy level and two electrons in the fourth energy level.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration of sodium has to be given.

The given orbital diagram is,

$\text{Na}\begin{array}{cc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\uparrow \end{array}$

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The given orbital diagram is,

$\text{Na}\begin{array}{cc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\uparrow \end{array}$

Sodium is a chemical element with chemical symbol $\text{Na}$ and the atomic number of Sodium is $11.$  The electronic configuration of Sodium is ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^1\text{.}$

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration of potassium has to be given.

The given orbital diagram is,

$\text{K}\begin{array}{cc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \begin{array}{c}\uparrow \end{array}\end{array}$

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The given orbital diagram is,

$\text{K}\begin{array}{cc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\uparrow \downarrow \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow & \uparrow \downarrow \begin{array}{c}\uparrow \end{array}\end{array}$

Potassium is a chemical element with chemical symbol $\text{K}$ and the atomic number of Potassium is $19.$  The electronic configuration of Potassium is ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{4s}}^1.$