Chemistry for Engineering Students
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781337398909
Author: Lawrence S. Brown, Tom Holme
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Videos
Question
Chapter 10, Problem 10.72PAE
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
Examples of increase in entropy of the system should be identified.
Concept introduction:
The increase in entropy of the system results from randomness of atoms, higher the randomness more positive will be the entropy. Even transformation of solid into liquid results in increase in entropy of the system by increasing the randomness.
The randomness between the atoms increases from
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
The diagram below shows a system that is made up of 3 molecules (labeled A, B, and C) that contains a total of 4
units of energy. Assuming that no molecule can have 0 energy associated with it, and that only integral amounts
of units of energy are allowed (energy = 1 or energy = 2 is allowed, but energy = 1.5 is not). In the left-most
diagram, one possible way of distributing the four units of energy among these three molecules is presented. This
distribution is represented as: (1, 1, 2).
%3D
6
SEE
6
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
A B C
AB C
АВС
(1, 1, 2)
a. Show explicitly that a total of 4 units of energy are present in the left-most diagram.
b. Explain why (1, 3, 0) is not an allowed distribution for this system.
Show the other two allowed distributions of energy for this system using the two blank diagrams, and write
the corresponding representation below each diagram.
С.
Rank the elements or compounds in the table below in decreasing order of their boiling points. That is, choose 1 next to the substance with the highest
boiling point, choose 2 next to the substance with the next highest boiling point, and so on.
chemical symbol,
substance
chemical formula
boiling point
or Lewis structure
H
H
H
A
H – C
C - C -0 H
(Choose one) ▼
|
H
H
Ag
(Choose one)
В
Ar
|(Choose one) -
H
:0:
H
Н— С — С
С — Н
(Choose one) v
H.
?
:0 :
I - O - T
A pure sample of Substance S is put into an evacuated flask. The flask is then heated steadily and the temperature measured as time passes. The results are
graphed below, in the middle (in green).
Identical experiments are now run on Substance Y and Substance Z. Substance Y is just like S except that it has a higher heat capacity in the solid phase
Cs). Substance Z is just like S except that it has a lower heat capacity in the gaseous phase C,g).
Select the graphs below, on the left and right, that show the results you expect for these new experiments.
db
Substance Y
Substance Z
(higher C,(3))
Substance S
(lower C,(g)
(Drag the slider to
choose an image)
(Drag the slider to
choose an image)
orddad hest (lT/mnl
Explanation
Check
2020 McGraw-Hil Education All Rights Reserved Terms of Lise Privacy Accessibitity
11:13 PM
O Type here to search
12/12/2020
temperature (°C
Chapter 10 Solutions
Chemistry for Engineering Students
Ch. 10 - Prob. 1COCh. 10 - . explain the concept of entropy in your own...Ch. 10 - Prob. 3COCh. 10 - . state the second law of thermodynamics in words...Ch. 10 - Prob. 5COCh. 10 - Prob. 6COCh. 10 - Prob. 7COCh. 10 - Prob. 8COCh. 10 - Prob. 9COCh. 10 - Prob. 10CO
Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.1PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.2PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.3PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.4PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.5PAECh. 10 - Use the web to learn how many pounds of plastics...Ch. 10 - On the basis of your experience, predict which of...Ch. 10 - In the thermodynamic definition of a spontaneous...Ch. 10 - 1f the combustion of butane is spontaneous, how...Ch. 10 - Identify each of the processes listed as...Ch. 10 - Identify each of the processes listed as...Ch. 10 - Athletic trainers use instant ice packs that can...Ch. 10 - Are any of the following exothermic processes not...Ch. 10 - Enthalpy changes often help predict whether or not...Ch. 10 - When a fossil fuel burns, is that fossil fuel the...Ch. 10 - Murphy's law is a whimsical rule that says that...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.17PAECh. 10 - Some games include dice with more than six sides....Ch. 10 - How does probability relate to spontaneity?Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.20PAECh. 10 - For each pair of items, tell which has the higher...Ch. 10 - For each process, tell whether the entropy change...Ch. 10 - Without doing a calculation, predict whether the...Ch. 10 - For the following chemical reactions, predict the...Ch. 10 - What happens to the entropy of the universe during...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.26PAECh. 10 - One statement of the second law of thermodynamics...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.28PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.29PAECh. 10 - Which reaction occurs with the greater increase in...Ch. 10 - Which reaction occurs with the greater increase in...Ch. 10 - Methanol is burned as fuel in some race cars. This...Ch. 10 - Limestone is predominantly CaCO3, which can...Ch. 10 - Suppose that you find out that a system has an...Ch. 10 - Use tabulated thermodynamic data to calculate the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.36PAECh. 10 - Calculate S for the dissolution of magnesium...Ch. 10 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 10 - Through photosynthesis, plants build molecules of...Ch. 10 - Find websites describing two different attempts to...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.41PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.42PAECh. 10 - Under what conditions does G allow us to predict...Ch. 10 - There is another free energy state function, the...Ch. 10 - 10.45 Calculate G at 45°C for reactions for which...Ch. 10 - 10.46 Discuss the effect of temperature change on...Ch. 10 - The reaction CO2(g)+H2(g)CO(g)+H2O(g) is not...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.48PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.49PAECh. 10 - For the reaction NO(g)+NO2(g)N2O3(g) , use...Ch. 10 - 10.51 The combustion of acetylene was used in...Ch. 10 - Natural gas (methane) is being used in...Ch. 10 - Silicon forms a series of compounds analogous to...Ch. 10 - Explain why Gf of O2 (g) is zero.Ch. 10 - Using tabulated thermodynamic data, calculate G...Ch. 10 - Using tabulated thermodynamic data, calculate G...Ch. 10 - Calculate G for the dissolution of both sodium...Ch. 10 - Phosphorus exists in multiple solid phases,...Ch. 10 - 10.59 The normal melting point of benzene, C6H6,...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.60PAECh. 10 - Estimate the temperature range over which each of...Ch. 10 - Recall that incomplete combustion of fossil fuels...Ch. 10 - During polymerization, the system usually becomes...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.64PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.65PAECh. 10 - The recycling of polymers represents only one...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.67PAECh. 10 - When ice melts, its volume decreases. Despite this...Ch. 10 - 10.69 If a sample of air were separated into...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.70PAECh. 10 - An explosion brings down an old building, leaving...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.72PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.73PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.74PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.75PAECh. 10 - Some say that the job of an engineer is to fight...Ch. 10 - A beaker of water at 40C (on the left in the...Ch. 10 - Why is it usually easier to use G to determine the...Ch. 10 - The molecular scale pictures below show snapshots...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.80PAECh. 10 - Diethyl ether is a liquid at normal temperature...Ch. 10 - Calculate the entropy change, S , for the...Ch. 10 - Gallium metal has a melting point of 29.8°C. Use...Ch. 10 - Methane can be produced from CO and H2.The process...Ch. 10 - 10.85 Iodine is not very soluble in water, but it...Ch. 10 - The enthalpy of vaporization for water is 40.65 kJ...Ch. 10 - Determine whether each of the following statements...Ch. 10 - Nickel metal reacts with carbon monoxide to form...Ch. 10 - Polyethylene has a heat capacity of 2,3027 J g-1...Ch. 10 - A key component in many chemical engineering...Ch. 10 - The reaction shown below is involved in the...Ch. 10 - Using only the data given below, determine G for...Ch. 10 - The graph below shows G as a function of...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.94PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.95PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.96PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.97PAECh. 10 - Prob. 10.98PAECh. 10 - Thermodynamics provides a way to interpret...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.100PAECh. 10 - 10.101 Fluorine reacts with liquid water to form...Ch. 10 - 10.102 Ammonia can react with oxygen gas to form...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.103PAECh. 10 - 10.104 (a) When a chemical bond forms, what...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Enthalpy and Entropy for Phase Changes Matter can change from one physical state (phase) to another without any change in chemical identity. Each change is characterized by a specific name, a AH (enthalpy) value, and a AS (entropy) value. The energy involved in phase changes and temperature changes can be calculated by using the following equations. For a phase change (with no change in temperature) heat = ΔΗ χη where AH is the enthalpy change for that transition and n is the number of moles of the substance. For a temperature change (with no change in phase) heat Cm X AT x n where Cm is the molar heat capacity, n is the number of moles, and AT is the temperature change in Part C Cm (ice) = 36.57 J/(mol. °C) Cm (water) = 75.40 J/(mol. °C) Cm (steam) = 36.04 J/(mol- °C) AHfus = +6.01 kJ/mol AHvap = +40.67 kJ/mol Express your answer with the appropriate units. ► View Available Hint(s) · Calculate the amount of energy in kilojoules needed to change 135 g of water ice at -10 °C to steam at…arrow_forwardORT SHEET Heat of Neutralization EXPERIMENT elemsboomfchg lom 12 A. Heat Capacity of Calorimeter 1. Temp. of calorimeter and water before mixing 2. Temp. of warm water °C 22.0 39,0 30.3 3. Maximum temp. determined from your curve °C 4. Heat lost by warm water (temp decrease x °C 50.0 g x 4.184 J/K-g) = 02), 5. Heat gained by cooler water (temp. increase x 50.0 g x 4.184 J/K-g) = 30,3 22.0)x 13626J s0.0gmpi S0.0gy 6. Heat gained by the calorimeter [(4) – (5)] = 7. Heat capacity of calorimeter: heat gained by the calorimeter temperature increase J/K 3. Heat of Neutralization of HCl-NaOH 22.2 22.2. °C . Temp. of calorimeter and NaOH Temp. of HCI AT determined from your curve after adding HC1 °C to the NaOH Heat gained by solution (temperature increase x ON 100 g x 4.184 J/K-g) = 9977.8J %3D Heat gained by calorimeter (temperature increase x heat capacity of calorimeter) = J %3D Total joules released by reaction [(3) + (4)] = Tight O 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.arrow_forwardWrite the Lewis structures and give the electron-region geometry, molecular geometry, and bond angles, and the hybridization of the central atom of these polyatomic ions and molecules. (a) BrF2+ (b) OCCl2 (c) CH3+ (d) SeCS (e) CH3arrow_forward
- Please refer to the attached photo. Thank youuuarrow_forwardA pure sample of Substance S is put into an evacuated flask. The flask is then heated steadily and the temperature measured as time passes. The results are graphed below, in the middle (in green). Identical experiments are now run on Substance Y and Substance Z. Substance Y is just like S except that it has a lower heat capacity in the gaseous phase C,(g). Substance Z is just like S except that it has a lower enthalpy of vaporization AH, Select the graphs below, on the left and right, that show the results you expect for these new experiments. Substance Y (lower C,(e)) Substance S Substance Z (lower AH) (Drag the slider to choose an image) (Drag the slider to choose an image) added heat (kJ/mol) Explanation Check temperature (°C)arrow_forwardWhich transition phrase is best used to introduce an example? O therefore O as a result O furthermore O in other wordsarrow_forward
- 4. Make the following conversions. a. 1977J cal b. 744.6 cal → Jarrow_forwardConsider an internal combustion engine like that used in automobiles. The most common fuel used here is gasoline which is a mixture of hydrocarbons, and an octane rating is given for standardization. Therefore, we will approximate gasoline as being composed of the hydrocarbon, octane, C8H18. Another fuel that is common in racing applications is nitromethane, CH3NO2, used in top fuel dragsters. Let’s consider the combustion of each fuel with oxygen in an internal combustion engine. Let the 8-cylinder engine displacement be 500 in3 total. GOAL: Determine and compare the maximum enthalpy of reaction, ∆Ho rxn, for the combustion of both octane and nitromethane in a single cylinder of the engine. This means determine the maximum amount of fuel that can burn in the cylinder filled with 1 atm of air and the amount of heat that reaction would generate. Here are some suggested steps to guide you along. You will have to look up some data in your book or on the internet. 1. Write a balanced…arrow_forward3. Lightsticks contain a substance that breaks down during a chemical reaction. A release of energy (as light) accompanies this reaction. Therefore, the amount of light released is proportional to the number of molecules breaking down. a) The lightsticks below are in water of different temperatures. Which one is in the warmer water? b) What would be the effect on the intensity of a lightstick and the duration of its glow if a lightstick was placed in a freezer?arrow_forward
- Calcium chloride is an ice melting compound used for sidewalks and streets. This is an exothermic reaction in which calcium chloride reacts with water which releases heat to the surroundings causing the ice to melt. Using the language of breaking and making bonds and the energy required/released when that happens, how can you describe the temperature change observed when calcium chloride is dissolved in water?arrow_forwardWhich of the following cannot leave or enter a closed system heat , work or matter? Which cannot leave or enter an isolated system? What do you call the part of the universe that is not part of the system?arrow_forwardYou will find the final temperature when 5.00 grams of aluminum at 425℃ is placed in 50.0 grams of water at 19.5℃. Aluminum has a specific heat capacity of 0.900 J/g ℃. And water has a specific heat capacity of 4.184 J/g℃. (So that we do not have 8 points on one question I have broken this down into a few steps). First what is the calculator answer for the value of m Cs (mass times specific heat capacity) for the hot aluminum? Select one: a. 45 J/℃ b. none of these c. 209.2 J/℃ d. 25.104 J/℃ e. 3.6 J/℃ f. 16.736 J/℃ g. 4.5 J/℃ h. 20.92 J/℃ i. 5.4 J/℃arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Chemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co
Physical ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781133958437Author:Ball, David W. (david Warren), BAER, TomasPublisher:Wadsworth Cengage Learning,
World of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning
General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage Learning
Introductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Matter and Change
Chemistry
ISBN:9780078746376
Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom
Publisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co
Physical Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133958437
Author:Ball, David W. (david Warren), BAER, Tomas
Publisher:Wadsworth Cengage Learning,
World of Chemistry, 3rd edition
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133109655
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry
Chemistry
ISBN:9780618974122
Author:Andrei Straumanis
Publisher:Cengage Learning
General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305580343
Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; Darrell
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337399425
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Cengage Learning
The Laws of Thermodynamics, Entropy, and Gibbs Free Energy; Author: Professor Dave Explains;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8N1BxHgsoOw;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY