Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781260163698
Author: Cowan
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 1, Problem 9Q
Provide a possible interpretation of the finding that the identity of microbes found in different people may differ, but the
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
Ch. 1.1 - List the various types of microorganisms that can...Ch. 1.1 - Describe the role and impact of microbes on the...Ch. 1.1 - Explain the theory of evolution and why it is...Ch. 1.1 - Explain the ways that humans manipulate organisms...Ch. 1.1 - Summarize the relative burden of human disease...Ch. 1.1 - Differentiate among bacteria, archaea, and...Ch. 1.1 - Identify an acellular infectious agent that is...Ch. 1.1 - Compare and contrast the relative sizes of the...Ch. 1.1 - Q.Can you think of a logical reason that a microbe...Ch. 1.1 - NCLEX PREP 1. For which of the following disease...
Ch. 1.2 - Make a time line of the development of...Ch. 1.2 - List some recent microbiology discoveries of great...Ch. 1.2 - Identify the important features of the scientific...Ch. 1.3 - Name the four main families of biochemicals.Ch. 1.3 - Provide examples of cell components made from each...Ch. 1.3 - Differentiate among primary, secondary, tertiary,...Ch. 1.3 - List the three components of a nucleotide.Ch. 1.3 - Name the three nitrogen bases of DNA and RNA.Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 17AYPCh. 1.3 - Recall three characteristics common to all cells.Ch. 1.3 - Q. Use context in the paragraph above to deduce...Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 2NPCh. 1.4 - Differentiate among the terms nomenclature,...Ch. 1.4 - Create a mnemonic device for remembering the...Ch. 1.4 - Correctly write the binomial name for a...Ch. 1.4 - Draw a diagram of the three major domains.Ch. 1.4 - Explain the difference between traditional and...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1QCh. 1 - Name six types of microorganisms that we are...Ch. 1 - Defend the argument that a web of life is a more...Ch. 1 - Which of the following is a macromolecule that...Ch. 1 - Prob. 5QCh. 1 - Imagine a way you might design a drug to destroy...Ch. 1 - Prob. 7QCh. 1 - Provide an argument about why metabolic...Ch. 1 - Provide a possible interpretation of the finding...Ch. 1 - DNA leads to RNA which can lead to the creation of...Ch. 1 - Compare and contrast the RNA molecule with the DNA...Ch. 1 - Suggest an argument for why eukaryotic cells have...Ch. 1 - Prob. 13QCh. 1 - Defend or refute this statement: Microbes intend...Ch. 1 - Coevolution is a term describing the influence...Ch. 1 - Which of the following processes can be the result...Ch. 1 - Speculate about why scientists believe there are...Ch. 1 - Prob. 18QCh. 1 - When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by...Ch. 1 - Defend the use of complicated-sounding names for...Ch. 1 - Identify the most important component of the...Ch. 1 - Figure 1.2 Look at the red bat (the time that...
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- When the O2 supply from blood fails to meet the demand of O2-consuming cells, oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) occurs. This is common, for example, in exercising muscle. It has been recognized for over 100 years that O2- deprived cells show increased conversion of glucose to lactate, known as the Pasteur effect. Activation of the Pasteur effect during hypoxia is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 is a transcription factor that upregulates the expression of several glycolytic enzymes that support the increased glycolytic ATP production as mitochondria become starved for O2. At the same time glycolysis is increasing, the rate of mitochondrial respiration decreases. New research reveals that in addition to upregulating enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, HIF-1 also induces the expression of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK).(a) Explain why glucose consumption must increase in hypoxic tissues toprovide the same…arrow_forwardWhen the O2 supply from blood fails to meet the demand of O2-consuming cells, oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) occurs. This is common, for example,in exercising muscle. It has been recognized for over 100 years that O2-deprived cells show increased conversion of glucose to lactate, known as the Pasteur effect. Activation of the Pasteur effect during hypoxia is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 is a transcription factor that upregulates the expression of several glycolytic enzymes that support the increased glycolytic ATP production as mitochondria become starved for O2. At the same time glycolysis is increasing, the rate of mitochondrial respiration decreases. New research reveals that in addition to upregulating enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, HIF-1 also induces the expression of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK).(a) Explain why glucose consumption must increase in hypoxic tissues toprovide the same amount…arrow_forwardDescribe a possible progression of four microbial metabolic types on planet earth, beginning with what is believed to be a primitive metabolic type found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. For each of the four metabolic types that you will name, detail the source and origin of energy, electrons, and carbon. Remember that redox reactions need both a donor and acceptor. For each transition between metabolic types, outline the selective measures or chemical environmental changes that led to the emergence of the considered metabolic types. One of these transitions should be linked to the rise of oxygen levels on the planet. Conclude by discussing the role of a microbial group that fundamentally influenced the evolution of life on earth. Specifically, discuss the role of this microbial group in: i) setting the chemical boundaries of life, ii) facilitating the development of complex eukaryotic metabolisms, and iii) promoting the habitability of terrestrial ecosystems.arrow_forward
- describe the molecular switches involved in microbial acute/prolonged starvation response. give one research article linkarrow_forwardIdentify external sources of energy for microbial cells, and the forms of energy available within the cell. Describe different types of energy-requiring activities and how they are related to catabolism and biosynthesis.arrow_forwardThe highly pathogenic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens is responsible for gas gangrene, a condition in which animal tissue structure is destroyed. This bacterium secretes an enzyme that efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of the peptide bond indicated in red: where X and Y are any of the 20 common amino acids. How does the secretion of this enzyme contribute to the invasiveness of this bacterium in human tissues? Why does thisenzyme not affect the bacterium itself?arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is TRUE considering SECONDARY metabolites: a. Synthesized directly from secondary metabolites b. Are used largely for their medicinal uses c. Are direct function in the main biochemical pathways d. Involved in the primary life-sustaining processesarrow_forwarda. Compare the ancient prokaryotes, their environment and metabolism, with the prokaryotes that exist today. Illustrate your answer with examples of specific microbial species, and the different metabolic pathways they use in each type of habitat. 2 of thearrow_forwardDiscuss the virulence of bacterial pathogens on the basis of proteinase activity.arrow_forward
- As a clinical microbiologist, your job is to identify an infectious bacterial strain isolated from a patient. Phenotypically, you have discovered that the new bacterial strain can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. By growing the strain in glucose carbohydrate tubes, you found that the organism is positive for glucose fermentation. After genome sequencing and biochemical analysis, you know that your organism is capable of making all of the enzymes necessary for glycolysis, and that it contains a TCA cycle and an electron transport chain.arrow_forwardThere are several applications of microorganisms in industries. One of them is in medical and pharmaceuticals. Name a suitable microorganism and demonstrate its application in producing synthetic human insulin.arrow_forwardCan you paraphrase the following two paragraphs with the same meaning? a. While surface properties influence the interaction with the surrounding tissue, thus the inflammatory response, bulk properties specify the long-term behavior of the biomaterial under different physical/mechanical conditions, i.e. how it will react to stress, load and the like. b. Biomaterial surface is important for it will be the first to interact with proteins and cells, it will determine whether or not a biomaterial implantation is successful depending on whether the inflammatory response is acute or chronic, which is influenced by surface properties.arrow_forward
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