Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399425
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 1, Problem 8QAP
Being a scientist is very much like being a detective. Detectives such as Sherlock Holmes or Miss Marple perform a very systematic analysis of a crime to solve it, much like a scientist does when addressing a scientific investigation. What are the steps that scientists (or detectives) use to solve problems?
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2. Why is performing multiple trials of an experiment a best practice in science?
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In the course of a conversation, you observe that three of your friends like horror movies. Horror movies happen to be your favorite type of movie as well. You also know
that all of these friends were born in the same week that you were, even in the same year.
An astrology-loving friend hypothesizes that people born in that week like horror movies more than other genres of movies. You decide to use the scientific method to test
this hypothesis.
Part A
What should you do next?
O Come up with a theory to explain why movie preference is related to birth week.
O Perform experiments to test your hypothesis.
O Propose several alternative hypotheses.
O Refine your hypothesis.
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What are several political, social, or personal considerations that might affect a scientist's evaluation of a theory?What are examples of how such external forces have influenced scientists in the past?What are methods by which such bias might be excluded from future scientific investigations?
Chapter 1 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
Ch. 1.4 - What if everyone in the government used the...Ch. 1 - Discuss how a hypothesis can become a theory. Can...Ch. 1 - Make five qualitative and five quantitative...Ch. 1 - Prob. 3ALQCh. 1 - Differentiate between a “theory” and a “scientific...Ch. 1 - Describe three situations when you used the...Ch. 1 - Scientific models do not describe reality. They...Ch. 1 - Theories should inspire questions. Discuss a...Ch. 1 - Describe how you would set up an experiment to...Ch. 1 - If all scientists use the scientific method to try...
Ch. 1 - As stated in the text, there is no one scientific...Ch. 1 - In Section 1.3 the statement is made that it is...Ch. 1 - As part of a science project, you study traffic...Ch. 1 - Prob. 13ALQCh. 1 - Chemistry is an intimidating academic subject for...Ch. 1 - The first paragraphs in this chapter ask you if...Ch. 1 - This section presents several ways our day-to-day...Ch. 1 - The Chemistry in Focus segment titled Dr....Ch. 1 - This textbook provides a specific definition of...Ch. 1 - We use chemical reactions in our everyday lives,...Ch. 1 - Prob. 7QAPCh. 1 - Being a scientist is very much like being a...Ch. 1 - In science, what is the difference between a law...Ch. 1 - Observations may be either qualitative or...Ch. 1 - Prob. 11QAPCh. 1 - True or false? If a theory is disproven, then all...Ch. 1 - Although, in general, science has advanced our...Ch. 1 - Discuss several political, social, or personal...Ch. 1 - Although reviewing your lecture notes and reading...Ch. 1 - Why is the ability to solve problems important in...Ch. 1 - Students approaching the study of chemistry must...Ch. 1 - The ‘Chemistry in Focus” segmentChemistry: An...
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- If all scientists use the scientific method to try to arrive at a better understanding of the world, why do so many debates arise among scientists?arrow_forwardWhat is meant by the statement Macroscopic observations have molecular causes? Give two examples.arrow_forwardSuppose you are trying to get lemon juice and you have no juicer. Some people say that you can get more juice from a lemon if you roll it on a hard surface, applying pressure with the palm of your hand before you cut it and squeeze out the juice. Others claim that you will get more juice if you first heat the lemon in a microwave and then cut and squeeze it. Apply the methods of science to arrive at a technique that will give the most juice from a lemon. Carry out experiments and draw conclusions based on them. Try to generate a hypothesis to explain your results.arrow_forward
- As stated in the text, there is no one scientific method. However, making observations, formulating hypotheses, and performing experiments are generally components of “doing science.” Read the following passage, and list any observations, hypotheses, and experiments. Support your answer. Joyce and Frank arc eating raisins and drinking ginger ale. Frank accidentally drops a raisin into his ginger ale. They both notice that (lie raisin falls to the bottom of the glass. Soon, the raisin rises Lo the surface of the ginger ale, then sinks. Within a couple of minutes, it rises and sinks again. Joyce asks. “I won der why that happened?” Frank says. I don’t know, hut let’s see if it works in water.” Joyce fills a glass with water and drops the raisin into the glass. After a few minutes, Frank says, “No, it doesn’t go up and down in the water.” Joyce closely observes the raisins in the two glasses and states, “Look, there are hubbies on the raisins in the ginger ale but not on the raisins in the water.” Frank says, ‘it must be the bubbles that make the raisin rise.” Joyce asks, “OK, hut then why do they sink again?”arrow_forwardIn Section 1.3 the statement is made that it is worthwhile for scientists, auto mechanics, doctors, politicians, and poets to take a scientific approach to their professions. Discuss how each of these people could use a scientific approach in his or her profession.arrow_forwardAs part of a science project, you study traffic patterns in your city at an intersection in the middle of downtown. You set up a device that counts the ears passing through this intersection for a 24-hr period during a weekday. The graph of hourly traffic looks like this. a. At what time(s) does the highest number of cars pass through die intersection? b. At what time(s) does the lowest number of cars pass through die intersection? c. Briefly describe the trend in numbers of cars over the course of die day. d. Provide a hypothesis explaining the trend in numbers of cars over the course of the day. e. Provide a possible experiment that could test your hypothesis.arrow_forward
- Although reviewing your lecture notes and reading your text book are important, why does the study of chemistry depend so much on problem solving? Can you learn to solve problems yourself just by looking at the solved examples in your textbook or study guide? Discuss.arrow_forwardTrue or false? If a theory is disproven, then all of the observations that support that theory are also disproven. Explain.arrow_forwardWhy is the ability to solve problems important in the study of chemistry? Why is it that the method used to attack a problem is as important as the answer Lo the problem itself?arrow_forward
- Some scientists think there are living things smaller than bacteria (New York Times, January 18, 2000, p. D1). Called nanobes, they are roughly cylindrical and range from 20 to 150 nm long and about 10 nm in diameter. One approach to determining whether nanobes are living is to estimate how many atoms and molecules could make up a nanobe. If the number is too small, then there would not be enough DNA, protein, and other biological molecules to carry out life processes. To test this method, estimate an upper limit for the number of atoms that could be in a nanobe. (Use a small atom, such as hydrogen.) Also estimate how many protein molecules could fit inside a nanobe. Do your estimates rule out the possibility that a nanobe could be living? Explain why or why not.arrow_forwardStudents approaching the study of chemistry must learn certain basic facts (such as the names and symbols of the most common elements), but it is much more important that they learn to think critically and to go beyond the specific examples discussed in class or in the textbook. Explain how learning to do this might be helpful in any career, even one far removed from chemistry.arrow_forwardThe nuclei of a limited number of atoms are investigated to determine the number of protons and neutrons in each. The following table summarizes the results: helium 2 protons, 2 neutrons carbon 6 protons, 6 neutrons nitrogen 7 protons, 7 neutrons a. Form a scientific law based on these limited measurements. b. What other measurements could be carried out to further confirm this law? c. Devise a theory that would explain your law. d. How would the following results affect your theory and your law? uranium 92 protons, 143 neutrons chromium 24 protons, 28 neutronsarrow_forward
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