Chapter 1, Problem 40Q

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

15 ppm has to be expressed as a percent, likewise, 2% has to be expressed in terms of ppm. It should be determined that, how many times lower is the ULSD than the older formulation of diesel fuel.

Concept Introduction:

Parts per million (ppm) is the concentration units which is used when dealing with extremely dilute solutions.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Parts per million }\left(\text{ppm}\right)\text{=}\frac{\text{Mass}\left(\text{solute}\right)}{\text{Mass}\left(\text{solute}\text{+}\text{solvent}\right)}\text{×}{\text{10}}^{\text{6}}\\ \\ \text{Percent}\text{=}\frac{\text{ppm}}{\text{10000}}\end{array}$

Explanation of Solution

15 ppm can be expressed as a percent as follows,

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Percent}\text{=}\frac{\text{ppm}}{\text{10000}}\\ \text{=}\frac{\text{15}}{\text{10000}}\\ \text{=}\text{0}\text{.0015\%}\end{array}$

Similarly,

2% can be expressed in  ppm as follows,

$\begin{array}{c}\text{ppm}\text{=}\text{Percent}\times \text{10000}\\ \text{=}2\%\times 10000\\ \text{=}20,000ppm\end{array}$

From these values it is clear that 15 ppm is roughly 1300 times smaller than 20,000.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A chemical equation that shows how burning diesel fuel containing sulfur contributes to air pollution has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Pollutants: The substance present in the environment in harmful concentration and cause pollution, and it will damaging the growth rate of species by interfering with the food chains, affect the health, comfort and property.

Coal is a solid fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago. Depend on sulfur content coal can be classified.

For chemical reaction balanced chemical reaction equation written in accordance with the Law of conservation of mass.

Law of conservation of mass states that for a reaction total mass of the reactant and product must be equal.

The general equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon is written below,

${\text{\_ C}}_{\text{x}}{\text{H}}_{\text{y}}\text{+}{\text{\_ O}}_{\text{2}}\to \text{\_}{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}\text{+}\text{\_}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$

Explanation of Solution

Given,

Prior to 1990, diesel fuel in the united states could contains as much as 2% sulfur. New regulations have changed this, and today most diesel fuel is ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) containing a maximum of 15 ppm sulfur.

A chemical equation that shows how burning diesel fuel containing sulfur contributes to air pollution can be written as follows,

$2S{O}_2+O_2\to 2S{O}_3$

In diesel sulfur dioxide is present in small percenatge as mentioned above, this on burning in presence of oxygen will produce sulfur trioxide. $S{O}_3$  is a major air pollutant.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A chemical equation that shows how burning diesel adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Pollutants: The substance present in the environment in harmful concentration and cause pollution, and it will damaging the growth rate of species by interfering with the food chains, affect the health, comfort and property.

Coal is a solid fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago. Depend on sulfur content coal can be classified.

For chemical reaction balanced chemical reaction equation written in accordance with the Law of conservation of mass.

Law of conservation of mass states that for a reaction total mass of the reactant and product must be equal.

The general equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon is written below,

${\text{\_ C}}_{\text{x}}{\text{H}}_{\text{y}}\text{+}{\text{\_ O}}_{\text{2}}\to \text{\_}{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}\text{+}\text{\_}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$

Explanation of Solution

Given,

Prior to 1990, diesel fuel in the united states could contains as much as 2% sulfur. New regulations have changed this, and today most diesel fuel is ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) containing a maximum of 15 ppm sulfur.

A chemical equation that shows how burning diesel adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere can  be written as follows,

$\text{2}{\text{C}}_{\text{12}}{\text{H}}_{\text{26}\left(\text{l}\right)}\text{+}\text{37}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\to {\text{24CO}}_{\text{2}\left(\text{g}\right)}\text{+}\text{26}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In terms of how diesel fuel have improved and in terms of where they still need to go, burning diesel fuel as sustainable practice have to be commented.

Concept Introduction:

Pollutants: The substance present in the environment in harmful concentration and cause pollution, and it will damaging the growth rate of species by interfering with the food chains, affect the health, comfort and property.

Coal is a solid fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago. Depend on sulfur content coal can be classified.

For chemical reaction balanced chemical reaction equation written in accordance with the Law of conservation of mass.

Law of conservation of mass states that for a reaction total mass of the reactant and product must be equal.

The general equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon is written below,

${\text{\_ C}}_{\text{x}}{\text{H}}_{\text{y}}\text{+}{\text{\_ O}}_{\text{2}}\to \text{\_}{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}\text{+}\text{\_}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$

Explanation of Solution

Given,

Prior to 1990, diesel fuel in the united states could contains as much as 2% sulfur. New regulations have changed this, and today most diesel fuel is ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) containing a maximum of 15 ppm sulfur.

Actually, diesel is a fossil fuel, its burning can not be considered as sustainable in any way. The old diesel engines emits more pollutants too and so these have a high cost in terms of public health. Conversely, the ultra – low sulfur diesel fuel is definitely a step in the right direction.