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Immunoglobulin antibodies occur in five forms. A sample of serum is analyzed with the following results. Calculate the percentage of total immunoglobulin represented by each type.
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Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry
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Organic Chemistry
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- Some scientists think there are living things smaller than bacteria (New York Times, January 18, 2000, p. D1). Called nanobes, they are roughly cylindrical and range from 20 to 150 nm long and about 10 nm in diameter. One approach to determining whether nanobes are living is to estimate how many atoms and molecules could make up a nanobe. If the number is too small, then there would not be enough DNA, protein, and other biological molecules to carry out life processes. To test this method, estimate an upper limit for the number of atoms that could be in a nanobe. (Use a small atom, such as hydrogen.) Also estimate how many protein molecules could fit inside a nanobe. Do your estimates rule out the possibility that a nanobe could be living? Explain why or why not.arrow_forwardClassify the following mixtures asheterogeneousorhomogeneous. soil mayonnaise Italian salad dressing the wood from which the desk you are studying on is made sand at the beacharrow_forwardA soft drink contains an unknown mass of citric acid, C3H5O(COOH)3. It requires 6.42 mL of 9.580 × 10−2-M NaOH to neutralize the citric acid in 10.0 mL of the soft drink. C3H5O(COOH)3(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Na3C3H5O(COO)3(aq) + 3 H2O(ℓ) Determine which step in these calculations for the mass of citric acid in 1 mL soft drink is incorrect? Why? n (NaOH) = (6.42 mL)(1L/1000 mL)(9.580 × 10−2 mol/L) n (citric acid) = (6.15 × 10−4 mol NaOH) × (3 mol citric acid/1 mol NaOH) m (citric acid in sample) = (1.85 × 10−3 mol citric acid) × (192.12 g/mol citric acid) m (citric acid in 1 mL soft drink) = (0.354 g citric acid)/(10 mL soft drink) Determine the correct result.arrow_forward
- The introduction to this chapter states that at a given temperature the concentration of a pure solid or liquid does not depend on the quantity of substance present. Verify this assertion by calculating the concentration (in mol/L) of these solids and liquids at 20 C. Obtain densities from Table 1.1 ( Sec. 1-4d). (a) Aluminum (b) Benzene (c) Water (d) Goldarrow_forwardWhich of these statements are qualitative? Which are quantitative? Explain your choice in each case. (a) Sodium is a silvery-white metal. (b) Aluminum melts at 660 C. (c) Carbon makes up about 23% of the human body by mass. (d) Pure carbon occurs in different forms: graphite, diamond, and fullerenes.arrow_forwardWhich of the following represent physical properties or changes, and which represent chemical properties or changes? You curl your hair with a curling iron. You curl your hair by getting a “permanent wave” at the hair salon. Ice on your sidewalk melts when you put salt on it. A glass of water evaporates overnight when it is left on the bedside table. Your steak chars if the skillet is too hot. Alcohol feels cool when it is spilled on the skin. Alcohol ignites when a flame is brought near it. Baking powder causes biscuits to rise.arrow_forward
- 2. The Anemovax COVID-19 vaccine uses 0.950% (w/v) NaCl (normal saline, preservative- free) as its diluent. After removing from the freezer or refrigerator, the vaccine must be mixed with the diluent before administration. It is diluted to a total volume of 10.0 mL, and each vial contains eight doses. a. Calculate the mass (in grams) of NaCl that is needed in order to prepare a total of 10,000 doses of the vaccine. b. Express the concentration of the vaccine diluent in molarity. (MW = 58.44 g/mol) One vial of Anovax vaccine contains an unknown mass of vaccine dose. It was diluted to 20.0 mL. A 25.0-µL aliquot was taken and was further diluted to 2.00 mL. Another 1.00- mL aliquot was taken and was diluted to 1.8 mL. Finally, this 1.8mL was found to have enough vaccine for five 20-ug doses of vaccine. c. How many milligrams of Anovax vaccine is present in the first vial?arrow_forwardNHẠNO3 MgSO4 [1] Mass of salt (g) 1.968 1.981 [2] Volume of DI water (mL) 50.0 50.0 0.039 0.0396 Mass of DI water (g) [3] Temperature of DI water (°C) 22.5 22.5 [4] Temperature of mixture after dissolution (°C) 19.5 27.1 3 4.6 Temperature difference (°C) [5] Total mass in reaction (g) [6] Enthalpy of solution AHsolution (cal/mol)arrow_forwardYou can calculate cost effectiveness using the following formula: volume of HCI neutralized per dose / cost per dose If you calculated that your volume of HCl neutralized per dose was 23.73 mL, calculate the cost effectiveness for TUMS. You can directly use the cost per dose you calculated in the previous problem. Do not include a unit in your answer. Report your answer to two decimal places. TUMS antacid: 2 tablets / 500 mg dose 50 tablets / container Cost: $4.98 / containerarrow_forward
- An alcoholic fermentation was conducted in the laboratory using 280 g glucose as substrate with a working volume of 2,000 mL. Assuming that the sugar is completely fermented to ethanol. Calculate the volume of ethyl alcohol in liters produced. The density of ethyl alcohol is 0.79 g/mL and its concentration or percent ethyl alcohol by volume produced assuming that no volume changed during fermentation.arrow_forwardwhen drawing melting point composition diagram for a mixture of something such as cinnamic acid and urea comparing melting point vs composition for organic chemistry, if i have three different compositions (1:4, 4:1,1:1) should i have 3 different graphs or would this all be on the same graph? and how do i convert grams to moles for example for composition 1:4 my data was 0.8003 g : 3.1917 g?arrow_forwardDetermine the moles of NaOH used for each substance for each trialarrow_forward
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