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Essentials Of Human Development

1st Edition

ISBN:9781285647357

Author:Kail

Publisher:Kail

Chapter1: The Study Of Human Development

Section1.2: Developmental Theories

Problem 9TY

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Animal Models: The Search for Behavior Genes You are a researcher studying an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. You have cloned the gene underlying the disorder and have found that it encodes an enzyme that is overexpressed in the neurons of individuals who have the disorder. To better understand how this enzyme causes neurodegeneration in humans, you make a strain of transgenic Drosophila whose nerve cells overexpress the enzyme. a. How might you use these transgenic flies to try to gain insight into the disease or identify drugs that might be useful in the treatment of the disease? b. Can you think of any potential limitations of this approach?
Gene expression does not vary by ___ . a. cell type b. extracellular conditions c. stage of development d. the genetic rode
You are in charge of a new gene therapy clinic. Two cases have been referred to you for review and possible therapy. Case 1. A mutation in the promoter of a proto-oncogene causes the gene to make too much of its normal product, a receptor protein that promotes cell division. The uncontrolled cell division has caused cancer. Case 2. A mutation in an exon of a tumor-suppressor gene makes this gene nonfunctional. The product of this gene normally suppresses cell division. The mutant gene cannot suppress cell division, and this has led to cancer. What treatment options can you suggest for each case?
Which of the following mutations will result in cancer? a. homozygous recessive mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene coding for a nonfunctional protein b. dominant mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene in which the normal protein product is overexpressed c. homozygous recessive mutation in which there is a deletion in the coding region of a proto-oncogene, leaving it nonfunctional d. dominant mutation in a proto-oncogene in which the normal protein product is overexpressed
Figure 10.14 Human papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer. The virus encodes E6, a protein that binds p53. Based on this fact and what you know about p53, what effect do you think E6 binding has on p53 activity? E6 activates p53 E6 inactivates p53 E6 mutates p53 E6 binding marks p53 for degradation
Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability. Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platforms location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchis result. FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice. Did the modified or the unmodified mice learn the location of the platform faster in the first test?
Researchers are learning how to transfer sperm-making cells from fertile male mice into infertile male mice in the hopes of learning more about reproductive abnormalities. These donor spermatogonia cells have developed into mature spermatozoa in 70% of cases, and some recipients have gone on to father pups (as baby mice are called). This new advance opens the way for a host of experimental genetic manipulations. It also offers enormous potential for correcting human genetic disease. One potentially useful human application of this procedure is treating infertile males who wish to be fathers. a. Do you foresee any ethical or legal problems with the implementation of this technique? If so, elaborate on the concerns. b. Could this procedure have the potential for misuse? If so, explain how.
Enhanced Spatial Learning in Mice With an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells to one another, have been associated with autism. One mutation changes amino acid 451 from arginine to cysteine. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues genetically modified mice to carry the same arginine-to-cysteine substitution in their neuroligin 3. Mice with the mutation had impaired social behavior. To test spatial learning ability, the mice were placed in a water maze: a deep pool of warm water in which a platform is submerged a few millimeters below the surface. The platform is not visible to swimming mice. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they locate a hidden platform as fast as they can. When tested again, they can remember its location by checking visual cues around the edge of the pool. How quickly they remember the platforms location is a measure of spatial learning ability (FIGURE 15.18). FIGURE 15.18 spatial learning ability in mica mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C), compared with unmodified (wild-type) mica. 2. Did the modified or the unmodified mice learn the location of the platform faster in the first test?
Put the following processes in order of their occurrence during expression of a eukaryotic gene: a. mRNA processing c. transcription b. translation d. RNA leaves nucleus
Tumor suppressor genes _____. a. occur normally in cells b. promote metastasis c. are brought into cells by viruses d. only rarely affect the development of cancer
In 2005, researcher Woo-suk Hwang reported that he had made immortal stem cells from human patients. His research was hailed as a breakthrough for people affected by degenerative diseases, because stem cells may be used to repair a persons own damaged tissues. Hwang published his results in a peer-reviewed journal. In 2006, the journal retracted his paper after other scientists discovered that Hwangs group had faked their data. Does the incident show that results of scientific studies cannot be trusted? Or does it confirm the usefulness of a scientific approach, because other scientists discovered and exposed the fraud?
What is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the production of transgenic plants? a. Genes from A. fume fociens are inserted into plant DNA to give the plant different traits. b. Transgenic plants have been given resistance to the pest A. tumefacaens. c. A. wmefaciens is used as a vector to move genes into plant cells. d. Plant genes are incorporated into the genome of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

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Drosophila melanogaster
	Mus musculus
	Caenorhabditis elegans
	Cercopithecidae

You have received an opportunity to work with a professor. He wants you to induce a tumor in a model organism to study its effect. What model organism will you choose to study? Drosophila melanogaster Mus musculus Caenorhabditis elegans Cercopithecidae