### Photosynthetic Pigments: Structures and FunctionsThis image provides the chemical structures of key photosynthetic pigments: chlorophylls, carotene, and xanthophyll, which are essential for the process of photosynthesis in plants.#### Chlorophyll1. **Chlorophyll Structure:** - **Porphyrin Ring:** The main structure is a porphyrin ring composed of four nitrogen-containing pyrrole rings interconnected by carbon bridges. This structure is crucial for absorbing light. - **Magnesium Ion (Mg++):** At the center of the porphyrin ring, a magnesium ion coordinates with the nitrogen atoms, playing a critical role in light absorption. - **Phytol Tail:** A long hydrophobic carbon chain called the phytol tail helps anchor the chlorophyll molecule in the photosynthetic membrane.2. **Variations of Chlorophyll:** - **Chlorophyll a:** Identified by a methyl group (CH₃) on the porphyrin ring. - **Chlorophyll b:** Distinguished by an aldehyde group (CHO) replacing a CH₃ on the porphyrin ring.#### Carotenoids1. **Carotene:** - Composed of a long carbon chain with alternating double bonds (conjugated system), which is essential for capturing light energy. - Lacks oxygen atoms, making it a purely hydrocarbon structure.2. **Xanthophyll:** - Similar structure to carotene with a conjugated system, providing light-absorbing properties. - Contains oxygen, typically in the form of hydroxyl (OH) groups, distinguishing it from carotene.These pigments differ slightly in their structures, which affects their specific role in absorbing sunlight across different spectra, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency. Chlorophyll primarily absorbs blue and red wavelengths, while carotenoids expand the range of light absorbed by capturing blue-green to blue light. **Why is one pigment more soluble than another? Consider Figure 4.5.**The solubility of pigments can be influenced by several factors, including molecular structure, polarity, and interactions with solvents. Figure 4.5 likely illustrates these concepts through diagrams or data visualizations, showing how structural differences in pigments affect their solubility in various solvents. For example, the figure may depict molecular structures, highlight regions of polarity, or compare solubility rates across different solvents. This can help in understanding why certain pigments dissolve more readily based on these attributes.

Chlorophyll is a pigment present in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast in a plant, very crucial…

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Why is one pigment more soluble than another? Consider Figure 4.5.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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The amino acid sequence (primary structure) and 3D shape (tertiary structure) of the rhodopsin has been determined and the various protein domains have also been identified with precision (see figures below). The red arrow indicates the amino acid lysin (K) that binds to the oxygen of the retinol (indicated by the blue arrow). The purple arrow indicates the retinal bound to the rhodopsin. In healthy individuals, retinal is abundant and can binds to the rhodopsin, making it functional (light-sensitive). H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 cytoplasmic side Retinal C-I extracellular side 0000 MOO OOO 400 DERY 000 PONE ALMO VOO LGF LLOD VUEL CH3 HOO AD SLV GO04 FAV OCK 000 LOO GOF YO DOAA TOTO ⓇAD MOWE OV00 OPL ALA LEGE DOOD VOOO COP DES 000 600 GCO OV FOOD Rhodopsin (primary structure) C-II E-II COOH-terminal C-III RIVE OOM DOWO LWCO 40 DOVO FOX ON DO 000 D04 boooooo 000 000 100,00 ****** E-III NH₂-terminal Rhodopsin + retinal (tertiary structure) 6. This lysine (K) is in a transmembrane domain of rhodopsin…
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