The number of calories used during physicalexercise is greater than the number of calories used forthe movements themselves. This may be caused in partby exercise-induced expression of uncoupling protein 1(UCP1) in subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat is mostlywhite fat cells but can also contain brown fat cells inmice and humans. As part of a thermogenesis program,UCP1 directly reduces the proton gradient drivingoxidative phosphorylation. UCP1 expression is acharacteristic of brown fat cells only and is induced bythe protein irisin. The data in Table 1 address therelationship between exercise and:• expression of UCP1 in subcutaneous fat cells,• expression of FNDC5 (a transmembrane protein inskeletal muscle plasma membranes),• blood levels of irisin (a soluble protein formed bycleaving the extracellular domain of FNDC5), and• expression of adiponectin (a hormone producedby white fat cells)in both wild-type mice and mice with overexpressionskeletal muscle PGC-1a (a transcription factor whoseexpression in skeletal muscle is induced by exercise).Table 1 Effects of Exercise and PGC-1a on UCP1,FNDC5, Irisin, and AdiponectinExperimental conditionsWild-type miceMice with skeletalmuscle PGC-1ano enduranceexerciseFigure 1Blood glucose (mg/dL)enduranceexerciseno enduranceexercise0UCP1FNDC5mRNAmRNAlevels levels1025Figure 1 shows the physiological effects of injectingviruses that encode either FNDC5 or a control proteininto obese mice with disrupted glucose homeostasis.300-250200+A150-100-50+30 60 90 120Time (min)overexpression80Note: nd not determined; all measurements are relative to control.2.5Protein encoded by virus- control protein—FNDC5Adapted from P. Bostrom et al. 2012 Nature.12.8FNDC5 effects on nonfasting blood glucoselevels (Note: * indicates p < 0.05.)Bloodirisinlevels11.7nd Which outcome most likely results from exposure ofOgg1 mice to TNFaO A.Increase in cancer incidenceO B.Increase in Cxc/1 expressionO C.Decrease in cellular ROS levels.O D. Decrease in Kp of TH5487 for its targetTH5487 acts as which type of inhibitor?O A. CompetitiveO B. MixedO C. NoncompetitiveO D. UncompetitiveBased on data shown in Figure 2, what are the effects ofOGG1 and TH5487 on Cxc/1 expression?I. OGG1 reduces the TNFa induced Cxc/1 expression.II. OGG1 stimulates the TNFa induced Cxc/1expression.III. TH5487 reduces the OGG1-mediated Cxc/1expression.IV. TH5487 stimulates the OGG1-mediated Cxc/1expression.O A. I and III onlyOB. I and IV onlyO C. II and III onlyO D. II and IV onlyResearchers measured the NF-KB occupancy of theCxcl2 promoter following exposure to TNFa both in thepresence and absence of TH5487. Based on the data.presented in the passage, which figure depicts theexpected results?O A.OB.O C.O D.NF-KB occupancyTNFa:TH5487:NF-KB occupancyNF-KB occupancyTNFa:TH5487:lL.I.TNFα:TH5487:||NF-KB occupancy+TNFa:TH5487:++…...+++

Name: The number of calories used during physicalexercise is greater than t
Uploaded: 2024-03-20T06:42:41.000Z
Channel: Bartleby
Description: The number of calories used during physicalexercise is greater than the number of calories used forthe movements themselves. This may be caused in partby exercise-induced expression of uncoupling protein 1(UCP1) in subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat