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A. What is the original ligand in the image? B. What is the second messenger in this pathway? C. What is the purpose of the second messenger in this pathway?

A. What is the original ligand in the image? B. What is the second messenger in this pathway? C. What is the purpose of the second messenger in this pathway?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
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A. What is the original ligand in the image? B. What is the second messenger in this pathway? C. What is the purpose of the second messenger in this pathway?
This diagram depicts the signaling pathway of adrenaline (epinephrine) via the β1-adrenergic receptor on the plasma membrane. Here's a detailed breakdown: 1. **Adrenaline**: This molecule binds to the β1-adrenergic receptor located on the plasma membrane. 2. **β1-adrenergic Receptor**: Once adrenaline binds, the receptor activates. 3. **G Protein**: The activation of the β1-adrenergic receptor stimulates a G protein. This replaces GDP with GTP on the G protein. 4. **Adenylyl Cyclase Activation**: The G protein with GTP activates adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme on the membrane. 5. **cAMP Production**: Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). 6. **Protein Kinase A Activation**: cAMP activates Protein Kinase A (PKA). 7. **Cellular Responses**: - **Increased Heart Rate**: Activated PKA leads to an increased heart rate. - **Increased Fat Breakdown**: PKA also facilitates increased fat breakdown. 8. **BARK** (Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase): This kinase phosphorylates the receptor, leading to the recruitment of β-arrestin. 9. **β-arrestin**: It prevents further signaling by the receptor, repressing its activity. **Diagrams and Symbols**: - The arrows (→) signify activation or stimulation processes. - The flat-ended lines (⟞) indicate repression or inhibition actions. This pathway is crucial for understanding how adrenaline affects heart rate and metabolism through signal transduction mechanisms.
Transcribed Image Text:This diagram depicts the signaling pathway of adrenaline (epinephrine) via the β1-adrenergic receptor on the plasma membrane. Here's a detailed breakdown: 1. **Adrenaline**: This molecule binds to the β1-adrenergic receptor located on the plasma membrane. 2. **β1-adrenergic Receptor**: Once adrenaline binds, the receptor activates. 3. **G Protein**: The activation of the β1-adrenergic receptor stimulates a G protein. This replaces GDP with GTP on the G protein. 4. **Adenylyl Cyclase Activation**: The G protein with GTP activates adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme on the membrane. 5. **cAMP Production**: Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). 6. **Protein Kinase A Activation**: cAMP activates Protein Kinase A (PKA). 7. **Cellular Responses**: - **Increased Heart Rate**: Activated PKA leads to an increased heart rate. - **Increased Fat Breakdown**: PKA also facilitates increased fat breakdown. 8. **BARK** (Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase): This kinase phosphorylates the receptor, leading to the recruitment of β-arrestin. 9. **β-arrestin**: It prevents further signaling by the receptor, repressing its activity. **Diagrams and Symbols**: - The arrows (→) signify activation or stimulation processes. - The flat-ended lines (⟞) indicate repression or inhibition actions. This pathway is crucial for understanding how adrenaline affects heart rate and metabolism through signal transduction mechanisms.
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