What is the Standard Error of the Mean Difference?
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A research team is interested in investigating the effectiveness of a new medication intended to reduce resting heart rate (beats per minute, BPM) in overweight patients. In order to test the medication, the researcher organizes a clinical trial with participants randomly assigned to receive either the new medication or a placebo. Suppose the following table represents the heart rates for a SRS from both groups.
Data for the placebo group are {71, 71, 68, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70, 69, 72, 73}
Data for the treatment group are {67, 66, 64, 64, 65, 64, 59, 63, 71, 64}
Sample standard deviation for the placebo group is: 1.834
Sample standard deviation for the treatment group is: 3.057
What is the Standard Error of the Mean Difference? (alpha=0.05)
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- Researchers studying the link between prenatal vitamin use and autism surveyed the mothers of a random sample of children with autism and children with typical development. The table below shows the number of mothers in each group who did and did not use prenatal vitamins during the three months before pregnancy (periconceptional period). Autism. No Autism Vitamins - Yes 143 Vitamins - No 111 159 70 Do we have sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of children with autism is different between women that used vitamins and women that did not if the type I error rate you are willing to tolerate is 5%? Not able to determine We should accept the null We should reject the null We should not reject the nullLeft ventricular mass (LVM) is an important risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular disease. A study is proposed to assess the relationship between childhood blood-pressure levels and LVM in children as determined from echocardiograms. The goal is to stratify children into a normal bp group (< 80th percentile for their age, gender, and height)and an elevated bp group (≥ 90th percentile for their age, gender, and height) and compare change in LVM between the two groups. Before this can be done, one needs to demonstrate that LVM actually changes in children over a 4-year period. To help plan the main study, a pilot study is conducted where echocardiograms are obtained from 10 random children from the Bogalusa Heart Study at baseline and after4 years of follow-up. The data are given in images. a) Suppose the investigators are reluctant to assume that the change in LVM over four years is normally distributed. What test can be used to assess if there is a change in mean LVM over four…Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate. If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096). Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period # Screening tests # False positive tests 9762 631 1. Another aspect of mammographic screening is the presence of false negatives. A false negative is a screen negative woman who has breast cancer. False negatives usually occur because the tumors are small and hard to detect. It is estimated that among women with breast cancer, 2% of all…
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- A health officer thinks that there is an association between diabetes (DM) and hypertension (HPT). He believes that those with DM are more likely to have HPT as well. For his research, from the hospital records, he selected a random sample of 400 patients, 300 with DM and 100 without DM. Out of the 300 DM patients, 60 had HPT as well and out of the 100 non DM patients 10 had HPT. He also recorded the patients’ gender. With the data, he performed two analyses, one for all policyholders and the other by gender. The following are some of the output from SPSS. State the percentage of DM and non DM patients who had State the test that was used in these Test if there is an association between DM and HPTA total of 150 participants are selected for a study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. At baseline (study start), 24 are classified as hypertensive. At onc year, an additional 12 have developed hypertension and at 2 years another 8 have developed hypertension. What is the prevalence of hypertension at 2 years in the study?The leader of two postpartum women’s support groups is interested in the depression levels of the women in her groups. She administers the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) screening test to the members of her groups. The CES-D is a 20-question self-test that measures depressive feelings and behaviors during the previous week. The mean depression level from the screening test for the 10 women in the first group is μ₁ = 16; the mean depression level for the 14 women in the second group is μ₂ = 10. Without calculating the weighted mean for the combined group, you know that the weighted mean is:
- A substance abuse counselor wants to demonstrate the effect of situational stress on alcohol cravings. He recruits two groups of men who are similar in respect to history of alcohol use and demographic variables. He divides them in to two groups. In one group(n=11), the men are exposed to a stressful situation and then asked to complete a measure rating their alcohol cravings on a scale from 0-10, where 0 representsno cravings and 10 represents intense cravings. In the second group (n=10), the men are exposed to a neutral situation and asked to complete the same measure. What test and graph should I create to find out if a stressful situation result in more intense alcohol cravings than a non-stressful situation?Left ventricular mass (LVM) is an important risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular disease. A study is proposed to assess the relationship between childhood blood-pressure levels and LVM in children as determined from echocardiograms. The goal is to stratify children into a normal bp group (< 90th percentile for their age, gender, and height) and an elevated bp group (≥ 90th percentile for their age, gender, and height) and compare change in LVM between the two groups. Before this can be done, one needs to demonstrate that LVM actually changes in children over a 4-year period. To help plan the main study, a pilot study is conducted where echocardiograms are obtained from 10 random children from the Bogalusa Heart Study at baseline and after 4 years of follow-up. The data are given in Table 1 . Table 1 Pilot data on left ventricular mass (LVM) in children from the Bogalusa Heart Study ID Baseline LVM (g) 4- year LVM (g) Change (g)* 1 139 163 24 2 134 126 -8 3 86 142 56…In PIMS hospital Islamabad there were patients who are in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Analyst have sought to examine the effect of various type of music on agitation levels in those patients. Patients were selected to participate in the study based on their stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Three forms of music were tested. Easy listening, Mozart and Piano interludes. While listening to music, agitation levels were recorded for the patients based on the heart rate in beats per minute. Test at 5% level of significance whether type’s music or early/middle stages of Alzheimer’s disease have significant effect on the agitation levels. Scores are recorded below: (6) Groups Piano interludes Mozart Easy listening Early stages of Alzheimer’s disease 103.5 104.7 100.2 105.9 Mean: 103.6 69.9 78.5 88.2 73.4 Mean: 77.5 95.6 99.3 101.4 120.1 Mean: 104.1 Middle stages of…
