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What is the effect of inbreeding and outbreeding depression?
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- Why is inbreeding necessary in animal husbandary?You observe some bark beetles with different feeding behaviors. You find that the behavioral phenotypes you observed are closely associated with the following genotypes. genotype phenotype number observed BB feeds under bark 60 Bb feeds on top of bark 24 bb feeds on leaves 16 a) What are the allele frequencies and the expected number (out of 100 beetles) of genotypes? b) Calculate the Chi-Squared value (c2). Then look up the p-value using this Chi-squared calculator: https://www.mathsisfun.com/data//chi-square-calculator.html Enter “1” for Degrees of Freedom. (There are 3 genotype categories, but only 1 DF because they are not fully independent—calculated from just 2 allele frequencies). The p-value is the probability that you would see the deviance you observed by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is true). Report both values. Is the population in H-W equilibrium? c) If you answered “No” to b): Provide at least three biologically…You observe some bark beetles with different feeding behaviors. You find that the behavioral phenotypes you observed are closely associated with the following genotypes. genotype phenotype number observed BB feeds under bark 60 Bb feeds on top of bark 24 bb feeds on leaves 16 a) What are the allele frequencies and the expected number (out of 100 beetles) of genotypes? b) Calculate the Chi-Squared value (c2). Then look up the p-value only using this Chi-squared calculator: https://www.mathsisfun.com/data//chi-square-calculator.html Clear all the values in the box at upper right, enter the Chi Square value that you obtain FROM YOUR CALCULATIONS in the Chi-Square box, and enter 1 for the degrees of freedom. Is the population in H-W equilibrium? c) If you answered “No” to b): Provide at least three biologically valid reasons why the observed beetle population may not be in equilibrium. If you answered “Yes” to b): Why do you think this…
- In a population the homozygous dominant individuals made up 70% of the population, while heterozygous ones made up 21%, and recessive made up 9%. What are the frequencies of the A and a alleles?In a population the homozygous dominant individuals (AA) made up 49% of the population, while heterozygous ones (Aa) made up 42%, and recessive (aa) made up 9%. What are the frequencies of the A and a alleles?Below is a diagram showing decreased fitness before and after a hypothetical bottleneck in which all of the inbreeding depression is due to increased homozygosity for deleterious recessive alleles. The open circles show the average fitness of hypothetical 'mutant-free' individuals that have no deleterious alleles. The shaded circles show the average fitness of individuals produced by random mating. The dark circles show the average fitness of individuals with an Fof 0.25 (equivalent to full-sib matings). In the diagram on the right, imagine that 'before' refers to before genetic rescue has been instituted (that is, before managed gene flow into a small and isolated population). The circles are defined the same as above. Draw what the circles (unfilled, grey filling, and dark filling) would look like in the 'after' portion of the diagram, that is, after a single pulse of gene flow from a small number (~5) of translocated individuals, if fixed genetic load decreases in this population.…
- The level of inbreeding is proportional to the FST value. (True or false) Inbreeding attenuates heterozygosity. (True or false)Does inbreeding affect allele frequencies? Why or why not? How does it affect genotype frequencies? With regard to rare recessive diseases, what are the consequences of inbreeding in human populations?Explain how negative frequency-dependent selection works.
