Under conditions of constant pressure, for which of the following reactions is the magnitude of pressure-volume work going to be the smallest? w = -PAV A) BaO(s) + SO3(g) – BaSO,(s) B) 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) C) 2H,O2() → 2H,0(1) + O2(g) D) 2KCIO3(s) → 2KCI(s) + 302(g) E) H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCI(g)
Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
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![**Title: Pressure-Volume Work in Chemical Reactions**
**Understanding the Impact of Pressure-Volume Work:**
In the study of thermodynamics, understanding the concept of pressure-volume work is essential. This type of work is represented by the equation:
\[ w = -P\Delta V \]
This equation signifies that the work done by or on the system involves pressure (\(P\)) and the change in volume (\(\Delta V\)).
**Objective:**
Under conditions of constant pressure, determine which of the following reactions results in the smallest magnitude of pressure-volume work.
**Reaction Options:**
A) \( \text{BaO(s) + SO}_3\text{(g)} \rightarrow \text{BaSO}_4\text{(s)} \)
B) \( 2\text{NO(g)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \rightarrow 2\text{NO}_2\text{(g)} \)
C) \( 2\text{H}_2\text{O}_2\text{(l)} \rightarrow 2\text{H}_2\text{O(l)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \)
D) \( 2\text{KClO}_3\text{(s)} \rightarrow 2\text{KCl(s)} + 3\text{O}_2\text{(g)} \)
E) \( \text{H}_2\text{(g)} + \text{Cl}_2\text{(g)} \rightarrow 2\text{HCl(g)} \)
**Discussion:**
To determine which reaction has the smallest magnitude of pressure-volume work, consider the change in the number of moles of gas from reactants to products, as this affects the volume change (\(\Delta V\)). Decreases in gas moles generally result in smaller pressure-volume work.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F8faff595-448b-4f65-a540-aac9ff0a692b%2F940178ff-fcbd-4b90-b5c5-5e9cc3350c44%2F89j2wco_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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