This figure below shows the organization of a protein that will end up in the ER membrane . The N-term and C-termini of the protein are labeled. Boxes 1,2, and 3 represent membrane spanning sequences. Non-membrane-spanning regions are labeled X, Y and Z. Once this protein is fully translocated , where will region Z end up? signal peptidase cleavage site NOW m Y O inserted in the ER membrane O in the ER lumen O in the cytoplasm degraded by a signal peptidase

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.