The table below lists factors that regulate metabolite flow through the pyruvate dehydro-genase complex and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Indicate for each enzyme or enzyme complex listedwhether each metabolite activates (1), down-regulates (↓), or has no effect (±) on the catalytic actionof the enzyme. For the last row indicate whether the AG for the reaction is < 0, > 0, or ~ 0 whereAG = AGO! + RT In I, AG°' being the standard free energy change for the reaction at pH 7 and25° C and I is the mass-action ratio representing the ratio of the actual concentrations of the reactionproducts to the actual concentrations of the reactants.ATPADPNAD+NADHsuccinyl-SCOACa²+CH3CO-SCOATPPkinasephosphataseAGPyruvate dehy-drogenasecomplexIsocitratedehydrogenasea-ketoglutaratedehydrogenasecomplexMalate dehydro-genase

There are a wide variety of metabolic pathways that can take place within a cell. Hence , one…

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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(b) number of moles of ATP produced under aerobic glycolysis whereby pyruvate enters the mitochondrion for oxidative decarboxylation to generate acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle. Write the reac- tions for each step using words. They need not be balanced with respect to charge, protons released or consumed, and stoichiometry. Consider 2.5 ATP/NADH oxidized and 1.5 ATP/FADH2 oxidized. Enzymes need not be named. Compare the number of moles of ATP that are produced under anaerobic glycolysis to the Of the reactions producing ATP in the mitochondrion listed in part (b) above, which are not (c) influenced by the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Because dichloroacetate inhibits the enzyme pyruvatedehydrogenase kinase, this compound has been used,with limited results, to treat lactic acidosis. The phosphorylation of the a-subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenasecomponent of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex bypyruvate dehydrogenase kinase causes complete loss ofenzymatic activity. Describe the theory behind the clinicaluse of dichloroacetate.
The reactions of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are required to generate the substrate that is fed into the TCA (Kreb’s) cycle from pyruvate. The 3 enzymes that make up this complex are pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). a. Name the one diffusible reaction product (i.e. the product that is free to leave the enzyme complex) of each enzyme of the complex. b. Draw the “business end” of the fully reduced form of lipoic acid. c. Using words, fully describe the function of E3 in this complex. Your answer should include all cofactors used, all intermediates and products of this enzyme. DO NOT show any mechanisms for this part.
Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of simple TAG containing behenic acid residues (22:0). I. For one mole of the fatty acid residue, determine the following: a. What is the number of ATP yield obtained from the oxidation of acetyl CoA entering the TCA cycle and ETC b. What is the number of ATP yield obtained from NADH coming from the complete β-oxidation of the fatty acid residue c. What is the number of ATP yield obtained from FADH2 coming from the complete β-oxidation of the fatty acid residue d. What is the number of net ATP yield of ATP in the complete oxidation of the fatty acid residue II. What is the net ATP yield for the complete oxidation of all the fatty acid residues of the simple TAG? (Note: glycerol backbone is not included)
For the following enzymes (3-6) predict how the conditions will most likely affect the enzymes activity with one of the following and provide a 1 sentence explanation: a. increase activity b. decrease activity c. not likely to alter activity 3) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex binding to AMP when [AMP] is high. 4) phosphohexose isomerase binding NADH when [NADH] is high 5) phosphofructose-1 binding NAD+ when [NAD+] is high 6) pyruvate dehydrogenase complex binding to ATP when [ATP] is high
In the clinical case scenario provided, match the defective enzyme in Column A with the consequence of this enzyme defect in Column B. IND OAD DH Autopsy results from individual X showed normal levels of glucose and pyruvate, very low levels of NAD+ and very high levels of NADH. Their blood oxygen levels were normal, although the cause of death was given to be a lack of oxygen. Option A B C D Defective enzyme Phosphofructokinase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Cytochrome oxidase Lactate dehydrogenase write your answer here Consequence of this enzyme defect Impaired ATP production Impaired NAD production Impaired respiration Impaired oxygen I L OORD ORD OND DORO G
What is the fate of the radioactive label when each of the following compounds is added to a cell extract containing the enzymes and cofactors of the citric acid cycle and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? P.S. A detailed steps explaination would be greatly appreciated. Also, any tips on how to solve such problems if possible? Is there any particular fate that C atoms of the R group for example, have, at the end of the cycle? I usually think of drawing out each step and solving but I believe that there must be a shorter, smarter way to do it and similar questions. Thank you!
Lactic acidosis, weakness, fatigue, and sleepiness are observed in patients with genetic defects of one if the enzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Explain The causes of the elevation of lactate in the blood of such patients and the emergence of hypoenergetic state. For this purpose write the following: a) scheme of the metabolic pathway of glucose metabolism, that includes this reaction and calculates the energetic effect of the process, outlining the reactions coupled with the use and formation of ATP. b) reaction of the reduction of pyruvate and explain the reason for its acceleration inpatients that have such genetic defects.
All dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle use NAD* (E° for NAD*/NADH is -0.32V) as electron acceptor except succinate dehydrogenase (which uses FAD (E° for FAD/FADH2 is 0.05V). Based on AG° = -NFEº, show and state (1-2 sentences) why is FAD a more appropriate electron acceptor than NAD* in the dehydrogenation of succinate (consider the E° values of %3D Uptake in Na+ Vmax Uptake in absence of Na+ Vmax substrate K: (mM) Kt (mM) L-leucine 420 0.24 23 0.2 D-Leucine 310 4.7 5 4.7 L-valine 225 0.31 19 0.31 fumarate/succinate (E° = 0.031), NAD*/NADH, and the succinate dehydrogenase FAD/FADH2).
Malate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts malate to oxaloacetate in the last stage of the TCA Cycle (citric acid cycle/Krebs cyde), represented by the following equation: NAD+ Malate Oxaloacetate NADH A group of students carried out an experiment to determine the optimum temperature for the activity of a commercially produced malate dehydrogenase (from yeast) at several different temperatures. A series of test tubes was set up containing 2.0 cm of phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.5, 0.1 cm? of NADH, 0.1 cm of malate dehydrogenase and 0.7 cm3 of water. The tubes were incubated in water baths at the various temperatures for 5 minutes. At certain time intervals each tube was placed in a colorimeter, set at an absorbance value of 1.0. The reaction was then started by adding 0.1 cm? of oxaloacetic acid to the tube. Enzyme activity was measured by following the decrease in absorbance for 120 seconds. The experiment was repeated to give duplicate results. Enzyme activity was then…
write a balanced equation for the overall reaction catalyzed by each of the three enzymes in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E1, E2, and Eg.
Imagine a triglyceride comprised of (3) saturated C12 fatty acids. Calculate the number of ATP generated from the complete oxidation of one of these 12-carbon fatty acids to CO2 and water in the liver. Assume that each NADH = 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 = ETC generates 1.5 ATP. Any step that yields pyrophosphate as a product should be treated as an input (i.e. net loss) of (2) ATP.

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