the Michaelis-Menten dynamics to explain what happens in plasma concentration of a solute reaches Tm and the effect that has on the Clearance of the solute
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- The osmolarity of plasma is maintained at about 300 mOsM. What would the osmolarity inside a red blood cell need to be to maintain osmotic equilibrium between the intracellular fluid and plasma? Give one specific reason why it is important to maintain plasma omolarity within a narrow range of values.The membrane separating compartments A and B of the following chamber is permeable to Cl- ions (gCl = 5) but impermeable to water and K+. The initial concentrations of KCl in compartments A and B, before diffusion has occurred, are presented below. Use this information to answer questions 9-12. Note: Whenever necessary, consider compartment A as the ICF and compartment B as the ECF. KCl = 10 mM A KCl = 150 mM B 9. After equilibrium, the potential of compartment A will be _____mV (include polarity) compared to a reference of 0 mV. Consider compartment B as the outside. A) -70 mV B) 70 mV C) -90 mV D) 90 mV 10. At equilibrium, the flux of Cl- from compartment A to compartment B will be ______ the flux of Cl- from compartment B to compartment A. A) equal to B) less than C) more than 11. Increasing the concentration of [Cl-] in compartment B from 150 mM to 200 mM will ______________. A) make ECl more positive B) make EK more negative C) make ECl more negative D) not change the value of ECl…Give one reason why it is important to maintain plasma osmolarity within a narrow range of values? 
- Blood volume must be restored in a person who has lost large amounts of blood due to serious injury. This is often accomplished by infusing isotonic NaCl solution into the blood. Why is this more effective than infusing an isoosmotic solution of a penetrating solute, such as urea?A 5% dextrose is isoosmotic to plasma. What effect would infusion of 1L of a 5% dextrose solution have on ECF and ICF volumes? How it would affect body fluid osmolality of a 70 kg individual and why?A) Consider membrane filtration. What is concentration polarization and why does it occur? B) What are the important parameters that affect the diffusivity in/across membranes and what do The they mean physically? C) Consider the Krogh Cylinder model. What is the physical meaning of the critical radiusand why does it occur?
- Using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, determine what happens to the resting membrane potential if the ECF K+ concentration doubles to 10 mM.One of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?Osmotic experiment is done using equivalent dilutions of 2% urea. Note the erythrocyte membrane permeability constants (P) for urea, sodium (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) are 152, 0.25 and 0.1 x 10-4 cm.s-1, respectively. Select all of the following which apply. The permeability constants indicate that red blood cell membranes are much more permeable to urea, thus urea will enter the cells (a permeating solute) and exerts an osmotic effect with water leaving the cells. 1% NaCl is equivalent to 2% urea, because NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl-, thus resulting in a solution of the same osmolarity as the 2% urea, which does not dissociate. The permeability constants indicate that red blood cell membranes are much more permeable to urea, thus urea will enter the cells (a permeating solute) and does not exert an osmotic effect. The permeability constants indicate that red blood cell membranes are much less permeable to urea, thus urea will not enter the cells (a…
- Suppose like :- At 10 am you received a doctors order that you have to Infuse 1,000ml of PNSS in 10 hours to Mr Dela Cruz. What is the correct rate of this isotonic solution when the drop factor is 10 gtt = 1ml ? 15.73 qtts/min 31.249 qtts/min 49 qtts/min 18 qtts/min.In the Nernst equation [V = 62 log10 (Co/ Ci)], the term Co represents: the intracellular concentration of potassium the intracellular concentration of chloride the membrane potential (in millivolts) the extracellular concentration of sodium the extracellular concentration of potassiumWhat are major factors that determine blood osmolality? The osmolality of 0.9% NaCl is ___________. How is the osmolality different from the molarity? Also, predict the effect of 1 L of 600 mOsm/L infusion of sucrose on patients RBC’s osmolality and volume, if previous osmolality of RBC’s was 250 mOsm/L, plasma volume – 3.6 L and RBC’s volume – 2.4 L.
