### The Intense Acidification in the Stomach Lumen: An Energetic Perspective**Question:**The intense acidification observed in the stomach lumen is energetically driven by:**Options:**1. A parietal cell isozyme of carbonic anhydrase2. An H+ ATPase that pumps H+ from the parietal cell into the lumen3. The large gradient of Cl- ion in the plasma that allows movement of H+ into the lumen4. An OH- transporting ATPase that removes this ion from the lumen, causing a drop in pH**Explanation:**This question explores the mechanism behind the acidification process in the stomach lumen. Each of the options provided points to a different biological process or enzyme that could be responsible for this phenomenon. Understanding the correct option involves a deep dive into gastric physiology and cellular mechanisms associated with ion transport.**Educational Note:**- **Parietal cells** are crucial in producing hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach.- **Carbonic anhydrase** is an enzyme that helps convert carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons (H+).- **H+ ATPase (Proton pump)**: This enzyme is specifically responsible for actively transporting hydrogen ions (H+) from parietal cells into the stomach lumen, crucial for the acidification process.- **Chloride (Cl-) gradient**: Plays a role in balancing ionic charges but is not the driving force of H+ movement.- **OH- transporting ATPase**: Not typically involved in the primary process of stomach acidification.**Correct Answer:**The process is primarily driven by the **H+ ATPase** that pumps H+ from the parietal cells into the lumen, making Option 2 the correct answer. This proton pump is essential for creating the highly acidic environment necessary for digestive processes in the stomach.

The acidic nature of gastric secretions have been observed in many animals including humans. The…

Answered: The intense acidification observed in…

Principles Of Pharmacology Med Assist

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337512442

Author:RICE

Publisher:RICE

Chapter27: Medications That Affect The Nervous System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 19RQ

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Acetazolamide is a drug which inhibits carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase participates in regulation of the pH and bicarbonate content of a number of body fluids. Figure 2 shows the experimental curve of initial reaction velocity (as percentage of Vmax) versus [S] (concentration) for the carbonic anhydrase reaction. The graph also shows the curve in the presence of acetazolamide. 100 No inhibitor 50 Acetazolamide 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 (S] (mM) Figure 2 (i) Compare the maximal velocities and Michaelis Menten constants of the enzyme in the absence and the presence of the inhibitor acetazolamide. Determine the nature of inhibition by acetazolamide. Explain your answer. (*"A JO %) A
Acetazolamide is a drug which inhibits carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase participates in regulation of the pH and bicarbonate content of a number of body fluids. Figure 2 shows the experimental curve of initial reaction velocity (as percentage of Vma) versus [S] (concentration) for the carbonic anhydrase reaction. The graph also shows the curve in the presence of acetazolamide. 100 No inhibitor 50 Acetazolamide 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [S] (mM) Figure 2 (i) Compare the maximal velocities and Michaelis Menten constants of the enzyme in the absence and the presence of the inhibitor acetazolamide. Determine the nature of inhibition by acetazolamide. Explain your answer. (ii) Name TWO (2) other types of inhibitions besides the inhibition shown by acetazolamide. Sketch a graph of V versus [S] showing curves in the absence of an inhibitor and in the presence of the types of inhibitors not shown by acetazolamide. ("AJO %) A
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Gastric juice is made up of substances secreted from parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous‑secreting cells. The cells secrete HClHCl, proteolytic enzyme zymogens, mucin, and intrinsic factor. The pH of gastric juice is acidic, between 1–3. If the pHpH of gastric juice is 1.3, what is the amount of energy (Δ?)(ΔG) required for the transport of hydrogen ions from a cell (internal pH of 7.4) into the stomach lumen? Assume that the potential difference across the membrane separating the cell and the interior of the stomach is −60.0 mV−60.0 mV (inside of the cell is negative relative to the lumen of the stomach). Assume that the temperature is 37 °C. The Faraday constant is 96.5 kJ/(V⋅mol)96.5 kJ/(V⋅mol) and the gas constant is 8.314×10−3 kJ/(mol⋅K)8.314×10−3 kJ/(mol⋅K). Express your answer in kilojoules per mole.
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