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THE CONSTITUTION View at the National Archives Read on the Interactive Constitution After the Annapolis Convention in September 1786-with five states attending the 12 delegates agreed to another convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. On February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress called for a convention of state delegates to meet in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising the Articles." The leading delegates had other plans-they wished to "render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union." The Constitution was drafted in Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention in secret between May 14, 1787, and September 17, 1787-when the final vote approved the Constitution, with three men (Elbridge Gerry, George Mason, and Edmund Randolph) refusing to sign. (Others like Luther Martin also left the Convention early.) From there, state ratifying conventions considered whether or not to accept the new Constitution, with some quickly voting to ratify and other states-like New York, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts-having significant opposition to the Constitution, principally for lacking a Bill of Rights and for removing too much power from the states to the central government. The Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788, and came into effect with the first meeting of Congress on March 4, 1789. BILL OF RIGHTS View at the National Archives During both the Constitutional Convention and the state ratifying conventions, one of the principal objections of "anti-Federalists" who opposed the Constitution was that it lacked a Bill of Rights to protect the most important rights of citizens. Bills (or Declarations) of Rights went back to the Magna Carta and the English Declaration or Bill of Rights in 1689. Early state constitutions written during the Revolution typically included such declarations of rights. George Mason wrote Virginia's-ratified five days before the Declaration of Independence-and Mason himself was one of the leading anti-Federalists who refused to sign the Constitution because it lacked a Bill of Rights. In order to avoid a second constitutional convention, James Madison accepted the need for a Bill of Rights even though he initially objected (as other Federalists did) that a Bill of Rights

THE CONSTITUTION View at the National Archives Read on the Interactive Constitution After the Annapolis Convention in September 1786-with five states attending the 12 delegates agreed to another convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. On February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress called for a convention of state delegates to meet in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising the Articles." The leading delegates had other plans-they wished to "render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union." The Constitution was drafted in Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention in secret between May 14, 1787, and September 17, 1787-when the final vote approved the Constitution, with three men (Elbridge Gerry, George Mason, and Edmund Randolph) refusing to sign. (Others like Luther Martin also left the Convention early.) From there, state ratifying conventions considered whether or not to accept the new Constitution, with some quickly voting to ratify and other states-like New York, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts-having significant opposition to the Constitution, principally for lacking a Bill of Rights and for removing too much power from the states to the central government. The Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788, and came into effect with the first meeting of Congress on March 4, 1789. BILL OF RIGHTS View at the National Archives During both the Constitutional Convention and the state ratifying conventions, one of the principal objections of "anti-Federalists" who opposed the Constitution was that it lacked a Bill of Rights to protect the most important rights of citizens. Bills (or Declarations) of Rights went back to the Magna Carta and the English Declaration or Bill of Rights in 1689. Early state constitutions written during the Revolution typically included such declarations of rights. George Mason wrote Virginia's-ratified five days before the Declaration of Independence-and Mason himself was one of the leading anti-Federalists who refused to sign the Constitution because it lacked a Bill of Rights. In order to avoid a second constitutional convention, James Madison accepted the need for a Bill of Rights even though he initially objected (as other Federalists did) that a Bill of Rights

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INTERACTIVE CONSTITUTION THE CONSTITUTION View at the National Archives Read on the Interactive Constitution After the Annapolis Convention in September 1786-with five states attending the 12 delegates agreed to another convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. On February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress called for a convention of state delegates to meet in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising the Articles." The leading delegates had other plans-they wished to "render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union." The Constitution was drafted in Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention in secret between May 14, 1787, and September 17, 1787-when the final vote approved the Constitution, with three men (Elbridge Gerry, George Mason, and Edmund Randolph) refusing to sign. (Others like Luther Martin also left the Convention early.) From there, state ratifying conventions considered whether or not to accept the new Constitution, with some quickly voting to ratify and other states-like New York, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts-having significant opposition to the Constitution, principally for lacking a Bill of Rights and for removing too much power from the states to the central government. The Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788, and came into effect with the first meeting of Congress on March 4, 1789. BILL OF RIGHTS America's Founding Documents Scholar Exchange Annotation Guide View at the National Archives During both the Constitutional Convention and the state ratifying conventions, one of the principal objections of "anti-Federalists" who opposed the Constitution was that it lacked a Bill of Rights to protect the most important rights of citizens. Bills (or Declarations) of Rights went back to the Magna Carta and the English Declaration or Bill of Rights in 1689. Early state constitutions written during the Revolution typically included such declarations of rights. George Mason wrote Virginia's-ratified five days before the Declaration of Independence-and Mason himself was one of the leading anti-Federalists who refused to sign the Constitution because it lacked a Bill of Rights. In order to avoid a second constitutional convention, James Madison accepted the need for a Bill of Rights even though he initially objected (as other Federalists did) that a Bill of Rights 5
Transcribed Image Text:INTERACTIVE CONSTITUTION THE CONSTITUTION View at the National Archives Read on the Interactive Constitution After the Annapolis Convention in September 1786-with five states attending the 12 delegates agreed to another convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. On February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress called for a convention of state delegates to meet in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising the Articles." The leading delegates had other plans-they wished to "render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union." The Constitution was drafted in Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention in secret between May 14, 1787, and September 17, 1787-when the final vote approved the Constitution, with three men (Elbridge Gerry, George Mason, and Edmund Randolph) refusing to sign. (Others like Luther Martin also left the Convention early.) From there, state ratifying conventions considered whether or not to accept the new Constitution, with some quickly voting to ratify and other states-like New York, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts-having significant opposition to the Constitution, principally for lacking a Bill of Rights and for removing too much power from the states to the central government. The Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788, and came into effect with the first meeting of Congress on March 4, 1789. BILL OF RIGHTS America's Founding Documents Scholar Exchange Annotation Guide View at the National Archives During both the Constitutional Convention and the state ratifying conventions, one of the principal objections of "anti-Federalists" who opposed the Constitution was that it lacked a Bill of Rights to protect the most important rights of citizens. Bills (or Declarations) of Rights went back to the Magna Carta and the English Declaration or Bill of Rights in 1689. Early state constitutions written during the Revolution typically included such declarations of rights. George Mason wrote Virginia's-ratified five days before the Declaration of Independence-and Mason himself was one of the leading anti-Federalists who refused to sign the Constitution because it lacked a Bill of Rights. In order to avoid a second constitutional convention, James Madison accepted the need for a Bill of Rights even though he initially objected (as other Federalists did) that a Bill of Rights 5
INTERACTIVE CONSTITUTION was unnecessary because it implied powers given to the federal government that the Constitution clearly did not give it-like a power to regulate speech. Madison obliged, leading the creation of the Bill of Rights in the first Congress in August and September 1789. The Bill of Rights-the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution-was ratified by December 15, 1791. Key Take-Home Points: ● ● America's Founding Documents Scholar Exchange Annotation Guide In Federalist #84, Alexander Hamilton wrote: "Bills of rights are in their origin, stipulations between kings and their subjects, abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege, reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince. Such was the Magna Carta, obtained by the Barons, swords in hand, from King John." Debate in Massachusetts over the Constitution was so contentious that Federalist Francis Dana and anti-Federalist Elbridge Gerry got into a fistfight. To resolve the quandary, the heroes of the Revolution and leading anti-Federalists Samuel Adams and John Hancock agreed to ratification on the condition that the convention also propose amendments. This became known as the "Massachusetts Compromise." New York would not follow the Massachusetts Compromise. New York's convention, in fact, was majority anti-Federalist and its leader, Melancton Smith, wrote the "New York Circular Letter" calling for a second convention. (By this point, enough states had ratified that the Constitution would go into effect regardless.) Smith hoped to use the Article V process to amend the Constitution and thus wanted "conditional ratification," but John Jay and Alexander Hamilton altered the letter to support unconditional ratification in exchange for an amendment process. But only New York and Virginia made the call for a second convention, as Madison wrote the Bill of Rights partially in response to this action from the States. On August 24, 1789, the House of Representatives approved 17 proposed amendments, which were then sent to the Senate, who altered and consolidated them. On September 25, Congress passed 12 amendments, which were then sent to the states for ratification. Only 10 were ultimately ratified-now known as the "Bill of Rights"-but, in fact at the time, many anti-Federalists were disappointed and did not call these 10 amendments a "Bill of Rights" because they believed them to be insufficient and felt that Madison ignored their calls for structural amendments which would limit the powers of the national government. 6
Transcribed Image Text:INTERACTIVE CONSTITUTION was unnecessary because it implied powers given to the federal government that the Constitution clearly did not give it-like a power to regulate speech. Madison obliged, leading the creation of the Bill of Rights in the first Congress in August and September 1789. The Bill of Rights-the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution-was ratified by December 15, 1791. Key Take-Home Points: ● ● America's Founding Documents Scholar Exchange Annotation Guide In Federalist #84, Alexander Hamilton wrote: "Bills of rights are in their origin, stipulations between kings and their subjects, abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege, reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince. Such was the Magna Carta, obtained by the Barons, swords in hand, from King John." Debate in Massachusetts over the Constitution was so contentious that Federalist Francis Dana and anti-Federalist Elbridge Gerry got into a fistfight. To resolve the quandary, the heroes of the Revolution and leading anti-Federalists Samuel Adams and John Hancock agreed to ratification on the condition that the convention also propose amendments. This became known as the "Massachusetts Compromise." New York would not follow the Massachusetts Compromise. New York's convention, in fact, was majority anti-Federalist and its leader, Melancton Smith, wrote the "New York Circular Letter" calling for a second convention. (By this point, enough states had ratified that the Constitution would go into effect regardless.) Smith hoped to use the Article V process to amend the Constitution and thus wanted "conditional ratification," but John Jay and Alexander Hamilton altered the letter to support unconditional ratification in exchange for an amendment process. But only New York and Virginia made the call for a second convention, as Madison wrote the Bill of Rights partially in response to this action from the States. On August 24, 1789, the House of Representatives approved 17 proposed amendments, which were then sent to the Senate, who altered and consolidated them. On September 25, Congress passed 12 amendments, which were then sent to the states for ratification. Only 10 were ultimately ratified-now known as the "Bill of Rights"-but, in fact at the time, many anti-Federalists were disappointed and did not call these 10 amendments a "Bill of Rights" because they believed them to be insufficient and felt that Madison ignored their calls for structural amendments which would limit the powers of the national government. 6
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