The Building Maintenance and Strata Management Act 2004 interprets "Structural elements, for a building means an internal or external load-bearing component of the building or part of the building that is essential to the stability of the building but exclude any door or window." Loading-bearing components such as wall, column or beam, etc, are subjected to external forces. (a) Interpret the diagnosis of a structural defect and discuss FOUR (4) external forces on a structure element that may cause structural cracks. (b) Discuss the effects of alkali-silica reaction on concrete structures and formulate FOUR (4) preventive measures. (c) Discuss the differences between chloride attack and sulphate attack on concrete structures (d) Formulate preventive measures to prevent or reduce chloride and sulphate attack on concrete structures Natural timber flooring such as timber strips and parquets, provides a warm sense of touch, styles and patterns, and is especially popular for residential dwelling developments. The fact that timber absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, timber flooring is susceptible to dimensional movement as its moisture content changes over period of time. (a) (b) Interpret the diagnosis of TWO (2) common types of timber rot caused by the growth of fungal spores in the timber. Discuss FIVE (5) common defects of natural timber floor finishes and the possible causes of these defects. (c) Formulate preventive measures to minimise or avoid these common timber flooring defects Question 3 - Building Envelope The Building Control (Periodic Inspection of Buildings and Building Facades) Regulations 2021 requires building facade inspections to be conducted by a competent person to ensure the structural integrity of the building. It helps building owners to detect and address any facade deterioration or defects, if any, in a timely manner to ensure public safety. (a) Discuss FIVE (5) common defects of plastered wall facade and examine the possible causes of these common defects. (b) Glass curtain wall, with varying architecture design profiles, are popular for modern commercial skyscrapers despite probable spontaneous shattering of glass panels attributed by unstable Nickel Sulphide incursions. It is therefore crucial to select the right type of glass material for this purpose. Interpret the diagnosis of Nickel Sulphide incursion in glass and examine the types of glass to be considered for glass curtain wall.