TGF-β1 is a protein that affects cell growth and differentiation. Scientists conducted an experiment where epithelial cells were treated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the laboratory. At the end of the experiment, the epithelial cells had transformed through several stages from epithelial cells to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and finally to cortical neurons (CNs). The scientists observed the transformation of the cells by analyzing gene expression at certain stages (M1-M7) and determined the relative gene expression level, as shown in the graph. The graph shows the relative gene expression level for cells at different stages of differentiation. Which of the following claims could account for the differences in gene expression at each stage of cell differentiation, and how does this correlate with the distance of the genes on the chromosome? A - Cell differentiation is controlled by RNA translation, but there is no relationship between gene expression and the distance of the genes on the chromosome. B - Cell differentiation is controlled by gene expression, but there is no relationship between gene expression and the distance of the genes on the chromosome. C - Gene expression is controlled by transcription factors, and genes that are transcribed for similar proteins or processes are grouped together on the chromosome. D - Gene expression is controlled by transcription factors, and genes that are transcribed for similar proteins or processes are located at greater distances on the chromosome than might be assumed.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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TGF-β1 is a protein that affects cell growth and differentiation. Scientists conducted an experiment where epithelial cells were treated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the laboratory. At the end of the experiment, the epithelial cells had transformed through several stages from epithelial cells to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and finally to cortical neurons (CNs). The scientists observed the transformation of the cells by analyzing gene expression at certain stages (M1-M7) and determined the relative gene expression level, as shown in the graph.

The graph shows the relative gene expression level for cells at different stages of differentiation.

Which of the following claims could account for the differences in gene expression at each stage of cell differentiation, and how does this correlate with the distance of the genes on the chromosome?

A - Cell differentiation is controlled by RNA translation, but there is no relationship between gene expression and the distance of the genes on the chromosome.

B - Cell differentiation is controlled by gene expression, but there is no relationship between gene expression and the distance of the genes on the chromosome.

C - Gene expression is controlled by transcription factors, and genes that are transcribed for similar proteins or processes are grouped together on the chromosome.

D - Gene expression is controlled by transcription factors, and genes that are transcribed for similar proteins or processes are located at greater distances on the chromosome than might be assumed.

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