You are studying growth factor GFA, which you know stimulates the proliferation of goblet cells in the intestine. Goblet cells are responsible for producing and secreting mucin, a mixture of glycosaminoglycans that protects the intestinal wall. Some patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) appear to have fewer goblet cells, therefore less mucin and less protection from toxins and various other pro-inflammatory factors. These patients also have mutations in the gene encoding the GFA receptor (GFAR) in goblet cells, GFAR is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that autophosphorylates in response to GFA binding, thus becoming active. QUESTION: explain what changes in GFAR could be caused by these IBD-associated mutations and why.

Q: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of O CD4 O CD8 O…

A: A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell. Blood contains many types of cells: white blood cells…

Q: A.Where are T3 and T4 made? (cells, organ) B.What organ/or cells secrete them? (may differ from site…

A: Endocrine glands are distinguished from another type of gland in the body called the exocrine gland.…

Q: A patient with H. pylori infection develops a gastric ulcer and is treated with omeprazole. Which of…

A: The correct answer is option D. Inhibition of H+-K+ ATPase. Omеprazolе primarily еxеrts its…

Q: The mucosal immune system provides protection for a vast area of the body and contains…

A: This question is about mucosal immune system. Mucosal immune system is the largest component of…

Q: Researchers have developed mouse models for autism. In an experiment, they introduced Bacteroides…

A: Introduction :-  Autism is a developmental disability. It can cause significant social,…

Q: Explain how beta cells can be encapsulated in a TPU scaffold to surgically implant around a pancreas

A: 1. Isolation of Beta Cells:   - Extract beta cells from a suitable source, often pancreatic islets…

Q: Which of the following applies to the organization of the encircled region? a. There are about equal…

A: The encircled region in the image shows an islet of Langerhans, a cluster of endocrine cells in the…

Q: When vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is used to infect mice via footpad injection, viral particles…

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: A tiger is stalking you. Explain how your metabolism respond to help you escape. Include:  a) which…

A: Since they are the top predators, tigers can be very dangerous when they are on the prowl. Your body…

Q: Which of the following receptors are responsible for anchorage-dependence of normal cells through…

A: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is also known as amorphous ground substances that contain collagen,…

Q: Immune systems of animals are very complex.  For an animal's immune system to work properly, certain…

A: It is a multiple choice question about animal immune system.

Q: Explain your understanding of the immune system and phagocytosis (including the different stages).

A: In this condition olajumoke is suffering with painful condition where she is facing pain and grief…

Q: How many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize?…

A: Antigens can be classified according to their source: Antigens from outside the body Exogenous…

Q: How do lactoferrins inhibit pathogen growth? Group of answer choices A. Lactoferrins are used by…

A: lactoiferrin is found in the milk or in fact,  in the first milk produced after the baby is born…

Q: Recent evidence points towards a global increase in cases of multi drug and total drug resistant…

A: Mycobacterium: Mycobacterium is a genus of aerobic, acid-fast, gram-positive bacteria. There are…

Q: The following is/are possible outcome(s) arising from a defect in the function of calnexin is: O A.…

A: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest, single membrane bound intracellular compartment. It is an…

Q: PDGF is encoded by a gene that can cause cancer when expressed inappropriately. why do cancers not…

A: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) belongs to the class of growth factor proteins. They regulate…

Q: Which of the following signaling pathways deactivates the ß-catenin destruction complex? O TGF-B…

A: The β-catenin destruction complex is a cellular mechanism that regulates β-catenin levels, a protein…

Q: A healthy intestinal mucosa is one in which induced adaptive immune responses to pathogenic…

A: Disclaimer: As per Bartleby guidelines, we will answer only the first question. Kindly repost the…

Q: All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response.  Select the example below that…

A: c. Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury. It is the correct option.…

Q: Father Mark has been ministering in a Pacific Island for years and recently noticed a discolored…

A: While preserving tolerance for self-antigens, the body's immune system is an intricate system of…

Q: All of the following are characteristic of mannose-binding lectin except Select one: a. acts as an…

A: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a soluble protein that is produced by the liver and circulates in…

Q: The small fragments of some complement proteins initiate a local inflammatory response.  Recent…

A: In the body, there are certain plasma proteins seen, known as complement proteins. They are…

Q: Secretory IgA produced in the epithelium of mucosal surfaces has several functions in protective…

A: There are five different classes of antibodies or immunoglobulence with different properties IgG,…

Q: For our patient John with diabetes type II, he can make insulin but his body cells can be resistant…

A: Increase in the blood sugar levels is sensed by the pancreas and the beta cells within the pancreas…

Q: What do rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor mean?  What is the cause of each in the inflammatory process?

A: Rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor occurs when inflammation occurs in the body. Inflammation refers to…

Q: The production of antimicrobial peptides is one of the most evolutionarily ancient mechanisms of…

A: Introduction: The immunity that is present since birth is innate immunity. The innate immunity…

Q: All of the following are characteristics of defensins except:     A. There are two classes of…

A: Plants are exposed to different variety of pests and pathogens in nature. It has developed various…

Q: Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots…

A: The most recommended medications for arthritis treatments is by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory…

Q: A protein called trypsin, which plays a role in digestion, is made bypancreatic cells and secreted…

A: Gene is a functional unit of heredity. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides in genome that codes for…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.