When vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is used to infect mice via footpad injection, viral particles are trapped in the draining lymph node (the popliteal lymph node) within 5 minutes of injection. These viral particles are then retained in the lymph node for many hours, where they can be visualized on cells that are interacting with B cells. The cells retaining the viral particles in the lymph node are not tissue-resident dendritic cells that have migrated to the lymph node with the virus, as this process takes much longer than 5 minutes. In which region of the lymph node would you expect to find the trapped viral particles and on which cells?

Q: A congenital defect mutates the genes that code for RAG1 & RAG2 making them unreadable (therefore no…

A:

Q: The current estimate is that mammalian B cells are capable of producing 1,010 different…

A: Immunoglobulins are composed of four polypeptide chains out of which two are heavy chains and two…

Q: recent study showed that CYKNK-001 infusions saved a SARS-COV-2 patient. Based on your knowledge of…

A: Natural killer cells are are cytotoxic, granular lymphocytes that are important part of the innate…

Q: Cellular immunity develops from a single stem cell called the multipotent hematopoietic stem cell.…

A: Together, innate and adaptive immunity offer complete defense against a variety of health risks to…

Q: This year, SARS-COV-2 strains have been reported to have mutated in the body of an immunocompromised…

A: There may be now clear evidence of altered antigenicity of SARS- CoV-2 spike protein and amino acid…

Q: it states that IgA deficiencies are the most common, affecting 1 in 400 people, and I was wondering…

A: The immune system produces an antibody class known as IgA or immunoglobulin A. It is essential for…

Q: Describe the interaction between a dendritic cell and a helper T cell that can recognize an Ebola…

A: Antigens are foreign elements that stimulate the production of antibodies by activation of the…

Q: A mouse is infected with staphylococcal bacteria through a laceration in the skin of its paw.…

A: Dendritic cells are important immune system regulators. They act as a bridge between the innate and…

Q: When a helper T cell releases interleukin-1 to stimulate other leukocytes during antigen…

A: The cells communicate through the mode of biochemical exchange. It is studied under the domain of…

Q: Which of the following cells would be safe from a natural killer (NK) cell's cytotoxicity? O a…

A: Natural killer or NK cells are lymphocytes which work like the Cytotoxic T cells, NK cells are fast…

Q: Why is the response to T-independent antigens important medically?

A: Importance of T independent antigen medically -- T cells  -- These are type of lymphocyte ,White…

Q: For the diagram below, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT: Antigen- binding site V V…

A: Immunoglobulins (or antibodies) are produced by the immune system to fight pathogens like bacteria…

Q: VDJ rearrangement occurs so that: Select one: a.after a pathogen has entered the system, B cells…

A: VDJ arrangement or VDJ recombination is the specialized mechanism which takes place in developing…

Q: How many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize?…

A: Antigens can be classified according to their source: Antigens from outside the body Exogenous…

Q: Which of the following statements is TRUE about NK cells? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard…

A: Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of cytotoxic immune cell that play a role in the rejection of…

Q: Which of the following statements pertain to this cell.  This cell is a precursor to a cell which:…

A: Introduction :-  Monocytes are the cells which acts as a bridge between the innate and adaptive…

Q: Many cells in the human body have proteins on the surface that are able to interact with the…

A: Introduction  Autoimmunity is defined as the inability of the body to distinguish between self and…

Q: You are an immunocompromised person with a history of serious lung infections, putting you at high…

A: Coronavirus disease was a pandemic disease that took place during 2020-2022. This is a contagious…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that studies molecules, cells, and organs that build up the…

Q: Given what we know about HIV, describe the impact of this virus on humoral and cellular immunity.…

A: The retrovirus known as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) preferentially attacks and kills CD4+ T…

Q: An antigen acts is a molecule that acts like a name tag, allowing the immune system to recognize the…

A: An antigen is a molecule which elicits immune response.

Q: A 55-year-old male was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after experiencing complications…

A: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease refers to when the body's…

Q: Immature B cells arriving in the spleen turn over rapidly and require cytokines and positive signals…

A: Immature B cells are progenitors to B cells, which play an important role in preventing…

Q: How could you design a new SARS-CoV3 vaccine that elicits broad immunity with B cell memory to…

A: SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, first appeared in China in late 2019. Since then, it has…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: In cell culture experiments, purified B cells expressing IgM can be induced to switch to producing…

A: In experimental settings involving cell cultures, the transformation of B cells expressing IgM into…

Q: Can a mature B Cell produce an epitope-specific antibody first and then switch to make an antibody…

A: Since we only answer one question at a time, therefore, we are answering the first question listed…

Q: You have acquired a vial of immature B cells and would like to use them to generate and harvest…

A: T-independent (TI) antigens constitute a category of antigens capable of activating B cells…

Q: A 55-year-old male was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after experiencing complications…

A: Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune condition that mostly affects the…

Q: List 3 things that helper T cells do:

A: Thymus is the site where T-lymphocytes get mature. T-lymphocytes arises in bone marrow. when t-cells…

Q: Please answer all parts, thank you!) 1) Mature red blood cells contain hemoglobin for transporting…

A: Here i discussed about the questions related to virus.

Q: The indirect immunofluorescence ("fluorescent Ab") test shown below is performed to test for: $5.4 ㅅ…

A: Introduction :  For indirect immunofluorescence(IF), two antibodies are needed. One antibody…

Q: M/C Which statement is the best with respect to how the mouse activates the interferon (INF) pathway…

A: Based on the graph: Wild-Type Mice: These mice maintain high survival rates, indicating that their…

Q: Before you can start your clinical rotation, you are required to get a tuberculosis (TB) test. The…

A: This is an example of a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction.Here's a breakdown of…

Q: Which of the following statements are true for antigen presentation.   a. Antigen presentation…

A: A foreign substance that invades the body and activates the immune system to release antibodies…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.