Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium. They have an important role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelin activates G protein-coupled receptors  (GPCRs) ETA or ETB on a target cell.  Which subunit of heterotrimeric G protein is released when the receptor is activated? a.) gamme b.) beta c.) alpha

Q: Which statement is TRUE regarding the Na+ voltage-gated channel in neurons? A) Similar to the…

A: Channels are integral membrane protein that have a pore in the middle through which ions/solutes can…

Q: the most widely distributed plasma-membrane effector protein in cells is adenylyl cyclase true or…

A: Introduction: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is transformed by adenylate cyclase (AC) into…

Q: The Structure of the acetylcholine receptor is shown below:   C. What type of channel is the…

A: Introduction The acetylcholine receptor is an integral membrane protein receptor that is activated…

Q: Very briefly, explain how a ligand binding to the extracellular receptor region of a GPCR causes a…

A: GPCR stands for G protein-coupled receptor. It is a type of membrane protein found on the surface of…

Q: when kidney cells secrete low levels of oxygen in the blood they secrete erythropoietin. in this…

A: Blood cells are prepared in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the smooth, porous substance in the…

Q: Which of the following could be a reason(s) why a signalling cascade is interrupted, or turned…

A: It is true that cellular signalling follows a cascade of events and has multiple points of…

Q: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKS) .. O a) often mediate pathways involving cell growth and…

A: RTKs are the membrane-bound receptors present in the cells. The role of RTK is phosphorylating the…

Q: What are the three steps by which receptor tyrosine kinases typically convey an extracellular signal…

A: Answer :  The three steps involved are :- Step1) Ligand Reduction : The receptors present in the…

Q: What are G-protein coupled receptors? How does ligand binding activates GPCR (include in your…

A: G-proteins, or guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins involved in…

Q: Avidin (egg white) protein binds with biotin ligand with Kd = 1 X 10 -15 M whereas calmodulin is a…

A: Binding affinity refers to the binding strength between a biological molecule, such as proteins or…

Q: You perform a competition study on a GPCR. You have isolated the plasma membrane from cells which…

A: GPCR stands for G Protein-Coupled Receptor. It is a type of transmembrane receptor that spans the…

Q: 15. In order to function, all extracellular signal molecules must be transported by their receptor…

A: True, extracellular signaling molecules must be transported by their receptors across the plasma…

Q: The Structure of the acetylcholine receptor is shown below: A. Knowing the amino acid sequence of…

A: All amino acids are of different property based on their property they present on the cytoplasmic…

Q: Which statement(s) is/are true regarding the release of glutamate? (Select all that apply)

A:

Q: Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor can basically be broken…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a group of membrane-bound receptors that act as signal…

Q: Psilocybin is rapidly de-phosphorylated in the body into psilocin, which is anagonist For the 5-HT…

A: The topic of this question involves the molecular structure of the 5-HT 2A receptor and its…

Q: Which of these is not true about the beta-gamma subunit  of the heterotrimeric G protein often…

A: G-protein coupled receptors are 7 transmembrane proteins. These 7 transmembrane proteins have a…

Q: exocytosis of GABA.  A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this?…

A: Tetanus toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium…

Q: Adrenaline binding to its receptor results in: A) Protein kinase B activation OB) Tyrosine kinase…

A: There are two adrenal glands present on top of each kidney. Adrenal glands secrete two types of…

Q: In a cat, guanylyl cyclase (which receptor that receives the first messenger and initiates the cell…

A: Guanylyl cyclase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP (guanosine monophosphate) to cGMP…

Q: Select any of the regulator mechanisms that would amplify cAMP signaling. A) Cell produces more…

A: Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a small molecule derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that acts as a…

Q: Describe the steps of neurotransmitter release involving the proteins v-snare and t-snare.

A: SNARE proteins are a huge protein family comprising of 24 members in yeasts and in excess of 60…

Q: 1. Ionotropic GABA receptors are ligand-gated Cl channels which open during GABA-ergic signaling. a)…

A: Introduction Neurons are specialized cells that are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.…

Q: 7. A) What effect does the compound GppNHp, when applied to the inside of a cell during whole cell…

A: A. The compound GppNHp is applied to the inside of a cell during while cell patch clamp recording.…

Q: Would the pancreatic hormone somatostatin require a receptor on the surface of or in the cytosol of…

A: Hormones are chemical messengers that are discharged straightforwardly into the circulatory system,…

Q: The Structure of the acetylcholine receptor is shown below:   D. Briefly indicate what the role of…

A: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter at various synapses, nerves, and at the motor endplate of…

Q: Different cell types express different types of receptors; even asingle cell may express multiple…

A: Cell signaling is an important mechanism by which cells communicate with each other. Signaling…

Q: FRAP is a technique used to determine the mobility of a molecule in a membrane. Design a FRAP…

A: FRAP is a technique used to determine the mobility of a molecule in a membrane. In a typical FRAP…

Q: Jose measures membrane potential in two neighboring cells. He notices that when the membrane…

A: Membrane potential It refers to the difference in electric potential between the interior and the…

Q: The differences in relative concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell act as an electrical…

A: The resting potential is the difference of electric charge between the inner and the surrounding…

Q: What is the mechanism by which voltage-gated channels open in response to voltage changes? Choose…

A: Voltage-gated ion channels are found buried in the plasma membrane of the cells. These gated ion…

Q: After establishing the importance of cGMP in the signaling pathway of the photoreceptor cells, the…

A: In order to comprehend cGMP's function in the signaling cascade of photoreceptor cells, researchers…

Q: When a G-coupled receptor is activated, does the By subunit activate any pathways? If yes, describe…

A: G-protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors. The…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.